RC 


UC-NRLF 


V5 


GIFT 

STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DEPARTMENT  OF  INSTITUTIONS 

John  A.  Reily,  M.  D.,  Director  


WHITTJER  STATE  SCHOOL 
Fred.  C.  Nelles,  Superintendent 


CALIFORNIA  BUREAU  OF  JUVENILE  RESEARCH 


Outline  for  the  Study  of  Mental  Deficiency 


BY 


J.  HAROLD  [WILLIAMS 
Director,  California  Bureau   of  Juvenile  Research 


(Limited  edition) 

CALIFORNIA  BUREAU  OF  JUVENILE  RESEARCH 

WHITTIER  STATE  SCHOOL 

Whittier,    California 

July,  1922 


STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 

DEPARTMENT  OF  INSTITUTIONS 

John  A.  Reily,  M.  D.,  Director 


WHITTIER  STATE  SCHOOL 
Fred.  C.  Nelles,  Superintendent 


CALIFORNIA  BURE4U  OF  JUVENILE  RESEARCH 


Outline  for  the  Study  of  Mental  Deficiency 


BY 


J.  HAROLD  WILLIAMS 
Director,  California  Bureclu  of  Juvenile  Research 


(Limited  edition) 

CALIFORNIA  BUREAU  OF  JUVENILE  RESEARCH 
WHITTIER  STATE  SCHOOL 
Whittier,  California 
July,  1922 


s 


CLASS  IN  PRINTING 
WHITTIER  STATE  SCHOOL 


OUTLINE  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF  MENTAL  DEFICIENCY 

^  T.  INTRODUCTION: -THE  PROBLEM  OF  INDIVIDUAL  DIFFERENCES 

(Based  on  Hollingworth:  Psychology  of  Subnormal   Children,  Ch.  I, ) 

1.  Variability;  its  meaning  and  significance. 

Distribution  of  traits.     Illustrations.     The  distribution  curve. 

2.  Variability  of  human  beings  in  mental  capacity. 

Tests  of  children.      Distribution  of  general  intelligence.    Army 
test  results.     Examples  of  extremes. 

3.  Ratio  of  the  feeble-minded  to  the  very  gifted. 

Tendency  for  accumulation  at  lower  levels.     Reasons. 

4.  Feeble-mindedness  in  relation  to  sex. 

Kuhlmann's  study.     New  York  Clearing  House  Study. 
Reports  of  inspectors  of  ungraded  classes. 
Terman's  findings  with  intelligence  tests. 

Erroneous  inferences.     Sources  of  error.     Probable  sex  distri- 
bution of  mental  capacity.- 

5.  Feeble-mindedness  as  related  to  race. 

Variability  of  races.     Sources  of  error  in  judging  intelligence. 
Influence  of  language,  temperament,  customs. 

6.  Feeble-mindedness  and  environment.   • 

Meaning  of  environment.     Confusion  of  association  and  cause. 

7.  Some  of  the  practical  reasons  why  it  is  important  for  educators 
to  give  consideration  to  the  problem  of  Mental  deficiency. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Bailey,  Pearce.     A  Contribution  to  the  Mental  Pathology  of  Races  in  the 
United  States.     Ment.  Hyg.  VI-2,  Apr.  1922.  pp.  370-391. 

2.  Goddard,  H.  H.     Human  Efficiency  and  Levels  of  Intelligence. 

3.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.     Psychology  of  Subnormal  Children.     Ch.  I. 

4.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.     The  Frequency  of  Amentia  as  Related  to  Sex.  Med- 
ical Record,  Oct.  1913. 

5.  Terman.  L.  M.     The  Measurement  of  Intelligence. 

6.  Terman,  L.  M.     Sex  Differences.      The  Relation  of  Intelligence  to  Social 
Status.     (Stanford   Revision   and   Extension   of   the   Binet-Simon   Scale  for 
Measuring  Intelligence). 

7.  Thorndike,  E.  L.     Individuality. 

8.  Woodworth,  R.  S.     Psychology. 

(1) 


750805 


2  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

II.     DEFINITION  AND  TERMINOLOGY 

1.  Early  attempts  to  define  mental  deficiency.     ( Hollingworth^ . 

Legal:  Lord  Coke;  old  English  law;  Blackstone. 
Medical:  Delboe  (1677);  Willis  (1678). 
Ecclesiastical:  Heinroth  (1818). 
Psychological:  Herbart  (1834). 

2.  Modern  definitions  and  criteria.     (Hollingworth). 

Social-economic:  Royal  College  of  Physicians.  English  law. 
Practical  advantages  of  social-economic  criteria. 

Pedagogical:  Backwardness  in  school  as  a  criterion.  The  three- 
years  retardation  standard.  Fallacies.  Sources  of  error. 

Medical:  Voisin,  defective  sensory  and  motor  development; 
Ireland,  deficiency  due  to  malnutrition  or  nervous  disease; 
Bourneville,  arrested  development  of  intellectual,  moral,  and 
emotional  faculties;  Tredgold,  arrested  cerebral  development. 
Binefs  criticism  of  medical  definitions. 

Psychological:  The  work  of  Binet;  Terman;  Goddard;  Kiihlmann. 
Mental  age  standard;  intelligence  quotient  standard.  Prac- 
tical advantages  of  psychological  criteria.  The  necessity  for 
using  supplementary  data. 

3.  Classification  of  the  feeble-minded. 

Idiots;  imbeciles;  morons.     Differences  in  English  and  American 

usage  and  classification. 
The  chief  clinical  types  of  mental  deficiency. 
What  one  may  expect  to  see  in  an  institution  for  feeble-minded. 

4.  Terminology. 

Mental  defectives;  aments;  feeble-minded;  mentally  deficient; 
defective;  very  inferior;  exceptional;  atypical;  abnormal; 
subnormal;  backward;  retarded. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

/•  1.     Binet  and  Simon.     Mentally  Defective  Children.     Ch.  II. 
»  Q.     Burt,  C.     The  Definition  and  Diagnosis  of  Mental  Deficiency.     Studies 
in  Mental  Inefficiency,  1-3,  4.  July-Oct.  1920.  pp.  49-54,  69-77. 

3.  Doll,  E.  A.     Clinical  Studies  in  Feeble-mindedness. 

4.  Goddard,  H.  H.     Feeole-mindedness;  its  Causes  and  Consequences.  Ch.  I. 

5.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.     Psychology  of  Subnormal  Children.     Ch.  III. 

6.  Kuhlmann,    F.     What    Constitutes    Feeble-mindedness?     Jour.    Psycho- 
Asthen.  XIX-4,  June  1915.  pp.  214-236. 

7.  Terman,  L.  M.     The  Measurement  of  Intelligence.     Ch.  VI. 

8.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  V. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  3 

III.     EXTENT  AND   DISTRIBUTION   OF   FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS 

irvey  method.     Validity  of  ' 'sampling/'     Sources  of  error. 
Survey  methods. 
Surveys  through  medical  sources. 
Questionnaires. 

Reports  of  institutions  and  public  agencies. 
Estimates  of  teachers. 
Surveys  by  field-workers. 
School  progress  statistics. 
Intelligence  tests.     Individual  method. 
Intelligence  tests.     Group  method. 

3.  Suggestions  for  a  satisfactory  survey  method,   incorporating  the 

essential  sources  of  information. 

4.  Typical  state-wide  surveys. 

Arkansas.      (Tredway,  1916). 

Indiana.      (Commission,  1916). 

Kansas.      (Commission,  1919). 

Kentucky.      (Haines,  1918). 

Mississippi.      (Haines,  1919). 

Missouri.      (Wallin,  1917). 

New  Hampshire.      (Streeter,  1915). 

New  York.      (Commission,  1915). 

New  York.      (Sandy,  1920). 

South   Carolina.     (Williams-Bishop,    1920). 

Utah.      (Snoddy-Hyde,  1921). 

Wisconsin.      (Anderson,  1920). 

5.  Typical  county  surveys. 

California.     "X"  County  (Terman  et  al,  1917). 
Delaware.     New  Castle  County   (Ludberg,  1917). 
Delaware.     Sussex  County    (Treadway-Lundberg,  1919). 
Ohio.     Rural  County   (Sessions,  1918. 

6.  Typical  city  surveys. 

California.     Los  Angeles   (Sutherland,  1919). 

California.     Santa  Ana    (Williams,  1918). 

California.     Bakersfleld    (Williams,  1920). 

Connecticut.     New  Haven   (Gesell,  1921). 

District  of  Columbia.     Washington  (Lundberg,  1915). 

Illinois.     Chicago    (Ransom,  1915). 

Missouri.     St.  Louis  (Wallin,  1917). 

New  York  City.      (Goddard,  1914). 

Ohio.     Cleveland   (Steinbach,I915) . 

Pennsylvania.     (Melville,  1916). 


4  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

Utah.     Salt  Lake  City  (Williams,  1915). 
Wisconsin.     Madison    (Blanton,  1917). 

7.  Typical  institution  surveys. 

California.     California  School  for  Girls   (Fernald,  1916-18). 
California..     Orphanages   (Williams,  1918). 
California.     Preston  School  of  Industry  (Allen,  1916). 
California.     San  Quentin  Prison   (Terman-Knollin,  1918). 
California.     Whittier  State  School   (Williams,  1919). 
Connecticut.     County  Home  Schools   (Gesell,  1918). 
Connecticut.     Industrial  School  for  Girls   (Anderson,  1921). 
Idaho.     Industrial  Training  School    (Sisson-Houck,  1916). 
•  Illinois.     St.  Charles  School  for  Boys   (Ordahl,  1916). 
Indiana.     State  Prison  (Bowers,  191  b). 

Massachusetts.     Reformatory  for  Women   (Spaulding,  1915). 
Ohio.     Workhouse   (Toops-Pintner,  1917). 
Texas.     Training  School  for  Boys  (Kelley,  1917). 
Wyoming.     Industrial  Institute   (Richmond,  1921). 

8.  Estimates  of  the  proportion  of  feeble-minded  in  the  United  States.* 

Goddard;  Terman;  Kuhlmann;  Wallin;  Cornell;  Bailey. 

9.  Probable  number  of  feeble-minded  in  California. 

10.  Feeble-mindedness  in  other  countries. 

Canada.      (MacMurchy). 

England  and  Wales.      (Tredgold). 

France.      (Dufestel). 

Germany.      (Biesalski) . 

Hungary.      (Deutsch). 

Ireland.      (Lindsay). 

Scotland.      (Brown). 

South  Africa.      (Moll,  Dunstan). 

11.  Distribution  of  the  feeble-minded  by  grade  of  defect. 

Idiots  5% ;  imbeciles  20% ;  morons  75% ;  (Kuhlmann). 
Distribution  by  mental  age.     (Kohs). 

12.  Census  of  feeble-minded  in  institutions.     (Pollock-Furbush) . 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Anderson,  V.  V.     Mental  Defectives  in  State  and  Private  Institutions 
and  in  Special  Classes  in  the  Public  Schools   of  the   United  States.     Ment. 
Hyg.  V-l,  Jan.  1921.  pp.  85-122. 

2.  Bailey,  Pearce,  and  Haber,  Roy.     Mental  Deficiency;  its  Frequency  and 
Distribution  in  the  United  States,  as  Determined  by  the  Examination  of  Re- 
cruits.    Ment.  Hyg.  fV-3,  July  1920.  pp.  564-596. 

3.  Goddard,  H.  H.     School  Training  of  Defective  Children. 

4.  Kelynack,  T.  N.     Defective  Children.     Ch.  XXI-XXVII. 

5.  Sandy,  W.  C.       Mental  Deficiency  in  New  York  State,  Based  on  Find- 
ings of  Army  Memical  Corps,  Division  of  Neurology  and  Psychiatry.       Ment. 
Hyg.  IV-2,  April,  1920.  pp.  380-392. 

6.  Terman,  L.  M.     The  Measurement  of  Intelligence.     Ch.  VI. 

7.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  II. 

8.  Wallin,  J.  E.  W.     Problems  of  Subnormality .     Ch.  II. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  5 

IV.  PHYSICAL  ASPECTS  OF  FEEBLE-MINDEUNESS 

Classification  according  to  physical  origin.     (Tredgold). 
Primary  amentia  (90  per  cent  of   cases).  '  Arises   from   form- 
ative or  developmental  causes.     Chiefly  congenital. 
Secondary  amentia  (10  per  cent  of  cases).     From  .inflammatory 
or  degenerative  causes.     Includes  disease,  accident,  etc. 

2.  Mental  deficiency  and  the  central  nervous   system. 

Cells;  numerical  deficiency,  irregular  arrangement,  imperfect 
development.  These  changes  visible  to  naked  eye. 
Amount  of  change  proportionate  to  degree  of  deficiency. 
Changes  most  evident  in  pre-frontal  and  parietal  lobes. 
Sclerosis.  Lesions.  Underweight  of  brain.  Abnormal 
configurations.  Gross  malformations.  (Tredgold). 
Investigations  of  Hammarberg.  (Goddard). 

3.  Stigmata  of    degeneration   and   their  significance.     Correlation 

between  certain  physical  and  mental  traits. 

4.  Skull. 

Microcephalus.  Macrocephalus.  Hydrocephalus.  Cranial 
measurements  at  Vineland.  (30  per  cent  of  feeble-minded 
come  within  normal  limits). 

Investigations  of  Porteus. 

5.  Other  bodily  malformations.     (Tredgold). 

Palate.    Jaws.    Teeth.  Extremities  (polydactylism;  "lobster  hand"). 
Special  sense  organs:  ear;  eye;  nose;  mouth. 
Generative  system. 

4.  Height  and  weight  of  the  feeble-minded. 

Physical   growth   and    intelligence.     (Baldwin,     Doll,     Mead, 

Pyle,    Woodrow). 
Physical  measurements  of  the  feeble-minded.     (Doll,  Goddard). 

5.  Vital  capacity  and  intelligence.     (r=-  .64). 

6.  Motor  ability  and  coordination.  (Wylie).  Walking,  manual  ability. 

Varieties  of  movement.     Mirror-writing  (Tredgold.) 

1.  Special  physical  considerations. 

Sleep  (Terman);  enures  is  (Rosenow) ;  blood-pressure  (Bryant). 
speech  defects  ( Walsh,  Swift,  Town);  malnutrition 
(Blanton,  Heron) ;  metabolism  (Peters) ;  sexualism  (Merrill) ; 
tonsils  and  adenoids  (Dawson);  hemihypertrophy  (Gesell). 


€  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

8.  Disease  and  mental  deficiency. 

Paralysis  (Sharpe).  Hookworm  and  Malaria  (Relley,  Strong).^ 
Syphilis  (Freemel). 

»  9.  Mental  effects  of  enforced  seclusion. 
Special  studies  (Foster,  Keyes). 

10.  Special  methods  of  physical  investigation. 
Biochemistry  (Peters).     X-ray  (Henniger). 
Focal  infections     (Cotton.) 

11.  The  functioning  of  the  ductless  glands.     Endocrinology. 

Cretinism  and  its  treatment. 

Experiments  with  pineal  extract  (Goddard). 

12.  Mental  deficiency  with  sensory  defect. 
Feeble- mindedness  among  the  blind.     (Hayes). 
Feeble-mindedness  among  the  deaf  (Pintner). 

13.  Special  physical  types  of  mental  deficiency  (La  Page). 

Cretin.  Mongolian.  Microcephalic.  Paralytic.  Inflammatory. 
Hydrocephalic.  Relative  infrequency  of  these  types,  and  their 
variability. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Blanton,  S.     Mental  and  Nervous  Changes  in  the  Children  of  the  Vol- 
ksschulen   of   Trier,   Germany,   Caused   by   Malnutrition.     Ment.   Hyg.    III-3. 
July,  1919.  pp.  343-386. 

2.  Cotton,  H.  A.     The  Defective  Delinquent  and  Insane. 

3.  Doll,  E.  A.     Anthropometry  as  an  Aid  to  Mental  Diagnosis. 

4.  Gesell,  A.     Hemihy  per  trophy   and   Mental  Defect.     Arch.   Neurol.   and 
Psych.  VI,  Oct.  1921.  pp.  400-423. 

5.  Goddard,  H.  H.     Psychology  of  the  Normal  and  Subnormal. 

6.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.     Psychology  of  Subnormal  Children.     Ch.  VIII. 

7.  La  Page,  C.  P.     Feeble-mindedness  in  Children  of  School  Age.     Ch.  Ill, 
IV,  V,  VI. 

8.  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind.     88th.  Ann. 
Report.     1920.  Overbrook,  Pa. 

9.  Porteus,    S.    D.     Cephalometry    of   the   Feeble-minded.     Tr.    Sch.    Bull. 
XVI-4,  June,  1919. 

\j  V\  1     10.     Shuttleworth  and  Potts.     Mentally  Deficient  Children.     Ch.  IV,  V. 

11.  Strong,  E.  K.     Effect  of  Hookworm  Disease  on  the  Mental  and  Phys- 
ical Development  of  Children.     Rockefeller  Fd.  Pub.  No.  3,  1916. 

12.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  IV,  V,  VI,  VII. 

13.  Woodrow,  H.     Brightness  and  Dullness  in  Children.     Ch.  IV-VI. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  1 

V.  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS 

1.  Psychological  meaning  of  feeble-mindedness. 

Definitions  of  intelligence. 

2.  Development  and  measurement  of  intelligence. 

Early  experiments.     Mental  age  and  its  significance.  (Terman). 
The  intelligence  quotient.     Growth  of  intelligence.  "Arrested" 

development. 
Potential  feeble-mindedness.   (Doll}. 

3.  Variability  of  intellectual  traits. 

The  phenomenon  of  "scattering." 

4.  Mental  functioning  of  the  feeble-minded. 

Mental  content.  Attention.  Reasoning.  Perception.  Association. 

(Binet). 

Memory.     (Kuhlmann). 
Activity  vs.  level  of  intelligence.  (Binet). 

5.  Special  mental  conditions. 

Number  sense.     Suggestibility.  (Binefi. 
Word-blindness.  (WalHn). 

6.  Language  of  the  feeble-minded.  (Binet}. 

Aphasia  and  the  psychology  of  language. 
Analysis  of  the  language  of  an  imbecile. 
The  psychological  conditions  of  speech. 
Aphasia  vs.  poverty  of  language. 
Language  as  a  sign  of  human  intelligence. 
Evolution  of  language. 
Relation  between  language  and  thought. 

7.  Psycho-physical  conditions.     Sensory  capacity. 

Sense  of  pain.     Voluntary  effort.     Handwriting.  (Binet). 
Manual  dexterity  in  relation  to  intelligence. 

8.  Special  mental  irregularities.     "Idio-savants." 

The  genius  of  Earlswood  Asylum.  (Tredgold) 
The  case  of  Albertus.  (Barr). 
Case  of  phenomenal  memorizing.     (Byrd). 
Other  illustrative  cases. 

9.  Personality  characteristics  of  the  feeble-minded. 

instinct  and  emotion.  (Hollingworth) . 
Temperamental  character.  (Binet). 
Personality  ratings  (Porteus). 


8  Outline    of  Mental  Deficiency 

10-  Moral  deficiency. 

Meaning  of  morality. 

Psychological  components  of  moral  character.  • 

Examples  of  "moral  imbeciles"  (Goddard,  Tredgold,  Barr). 

11.  Mental  deficiency  and  insanity.     Psychological  differences. 
The  difference  between  functioning  and  development  (Binet). 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Bassett,  Dorothy  M.,  and  Porteus,  S.  D.     Sex  Differences  in  Porteus 
Maze  Test  Performance.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  Nov.  1920. 

2.  Binet    and    Simon.     Mentally    Defective    Children.     Ch.    II. 

3.  Binet  and  Simon.     The  Intelligence  of  the  Feeble-minded. 

4.  Bronner,    Augusta    F.     Individual    Variations    in    Mental    Equipment. 
Ment.  Hyg.  IV-3,  July  1920. 

5.  Byrd,  Hiram.     A  Case  of  Phenomenal  Memorizing  by  a  Feeble-minded 
Negro.     Jour.  Appl.  Psych.  June-Sept.  1920. 

6.  de  Jong,  H.     Essential  Limitations  and  Subdivisions  of  Idiocy  on  a  Com- 
parative Psychological  Basis.     Jour.  Ment.  and  Nerv.  Dis.  July  1921. 

7.  Doll,  E.  A.     Clinical  Studies  in  Feeble-mindedness. 

8.  Doll,   E.   A.     "Scattering"   in   the   Binet-Simon    Tests.     Tr.    Sch.    Bull. 
Oct.    1919. 

9.  Durea,    Mervin.     Individual    Variability    in    Test    Performance.     Jour. 
Delinq.  Mar.  1922. 

10.  Goddard,  H.  H.     Psychology  of  the  Normal  and  Subnormal. 

11.  Ferguson,  G.  0.     The  Psychology  of  the  Negro.     Arch.  Psych..  Apr. 
1916. 

12.  Ide,  G.  G.     Diagnostic  Teaching.  A  Case  of  Deficient  Energy.     Psych. 
Clinic,  Dec.  1919. 

13.  Herd,  H.     The  Element  of  Character  in  Mental  Deficiency.     Sch.  Hyg. 
Nov.    1921. 

14.  Hollingworth,  L.   S.       Psychology   of  Subnormal  Children.       Ch.  VI, 
VII,  X. 

15.  Jones,  C.  T.     Very  Bright  and  Feeble-minded  Children;     A  Study  of 
Qualitative  Differences.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  Dec.  1919;  Jan.-Feb.  1920. 

16.  Kuhlmann,   Fred.     Experimental  Studies  in  Mental  Deficiency.     Am. 
Jour.  Psych.  July  1904. 

17.  Morgan,  Barbara.     The  Backward  Child. 

18.  Ordahl,  L.  E.,  and   Ordahl,   Geo.       Qualitative  Differences   Between 
Levels  of  Intelligence  in  Feeble-minded  Children.     Jour.  Psych.  Asthen.  June 
1915. 

19.  Norsworthy,  Naomi.     The  Psychology  of  Mentally  Deficient  Children. 
Arch.  Psych.  1906. 

20.  Nash,  Alice  M.     Imitation-Repetition.     Tr.   Sch.  Bull.   Feb.   1917. 

21.  Perry,  Doris  E.     Interpretations  of  the  Reactions  of  the  Feeble-mind- 
ed on  the  Healy  Pictorial  Completion  Test.     Jour.  Delinq.  Mar.  1922. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 


22.  Porteus,  S.  D.       A  Study  of  Personality  of  Defectives  with  a  Social 
Ratings  Scale.     Training  School,  Vineland,   Pub.  No.  23,   1920. 

23.  Rosenow,  C.     The  Stability  of  the  Intelligence  Quotient.     Jour.  Delinq. 
Sept.  1920. 

24.  Strong,  E.  K.     The  Learning  Curve  as  a  Diagnostic  Measure  of  Intelli- 
gence.    Psych.  Bull.  XIV,  1917. 

25.  Terman,  L.  M.     The  Measurement  of  Intelligence.     Ch.  VI. 

26.  Terman,  L.  M.     Adventures  in  Stupidity;  A  Partial  Analysis  of  the 
Intellectual  Inferiority  of  a  College  Student.     Sci.  Mo.  Jan.  1922. 

27.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  VI. 

28.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Moral  Defectives.     Stud,  in  Ment.  Ineffic.  Jan.  1920. 

29.  Wallin,  J.  E.  W.     Experimental  Studies  of  Mental  Defectives. 

30.  Wallin,    J.    E.    W.     Congenital   Word  Blindness — Some  Analyses   of 
Cases.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  Sept.-Oct.  1920. 

31.  Woodrow,  H.     Brightness  and  Dullness  in  Children. 

32.  White,  Adeline.     Reading  Ability  and  Disability  of  Subnormal  Child- 
ren.    N.  Y.  Dept.  Pub.  Welfare,  May  1921. 

33.  Wells,  F.  L.     Mental  Adaptation.     Ment.  Hyg.  Jan.  1917. 


Fig.  1.  Kuhlmann's  Form  Discrimination  Test,  used  in  the  Stanford-Binet 
series.  The  matching  of  these  forms  represents  approximately  four-year  nor- 
mal intelligence. 


10  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

VI    EXAMINATION  AND  DIAGNOSTIC  METHODS 

1.  The  diagnosis   of  feeble-mindedness   requires  the   determimation 

of  (a)  mental  level;  (b)  etiology;  (c)  industrial  efficiency; 
(d)  social  adaptability.  (Doll). 

2.  Mental  examination  methods. 

Early  methods  of  testing.     The   form- board.     Standardization. 

3.  The  BinetSimon  Scale  for  measuring  intelligence.     (Terman). 

History  and  development.  Standardization.  Apparatus.  Con- 
itions  for  testing.  Determination  of  mental  age  and  I.  Q. 
Classification.  Prognosis. 

4.  Other  individual  tests. 

Yerkes-Bridges  Point  Scale.  Pintner-Paterson  performance 
tests.  Kohs  Block  Designs.  Porteus  maze  tests. 

5.  Group  testing.     Representative  tests  and  their  use. 

Army     Alpha.      Army     Beta.      National     Intelligence     tests. 
Haggerty  tests.     Otis  tests.     Terman  tests. 

6.  The  field  of  clinical  psychology. 

History  and  development. 

Representative     clinics:    Philadephia,      Vineland,     Faribault, 

Oakland,  Los  Angeles,  St.  Louis. 
Foundations:  Bucket,  Gatzert,  Judge  Baker. 
Juvenile  research  laboratories:  Illinois,  Ohio,  California. 
Qualifications  for  psychological  work. 

Training.     Personality,     Scientific  attitude. 
.7,   Supplementary  data.     The  social  case  history  method. 

Diagnostic  value  of  supplementary  data.  Scope  and  meaning 
of  social  case  investigation.  Methods  of  securing  infoimation. 
The  case  history  of  the  individual.  The  family  history.  Evalu- 
ation of  the  data.  Procedure  in  reporting  social  case  histories. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Doll,   E.   A.     Objective   Mental   Diagnosis.     Jour.   Delinq.   VII-3,    Mar. 
1922.  pp.  119-131. 

2.  Kohs,   S.  C.     The  Block  Designs   Tests     Jour.  Exp.   Psych.  III-5,   Oct. 
1920. 

3.  Kuhlmann,  F.     A  Handbook  of  Mental  Tests.     Baltimore,  1922. 

4.  Porteus,    S.   D.     A   Plan   for   the   Study   of   Mental   Defectives.     Jour. 
Psych.  Asthen  XXV,  1920. 

5.  Terman,  L.  M.     The  Measurement  of  Intelligence.     Boston,  1916. 

6.  Wells,  F.  L.     Alternate  Methods  for  Mental  Examiners.     Jour.  Appl. 
Psych.  I,  1917. 

7     Whipple,  G.  M.     Manual  of  Mental  and  Physical  Tests.   (2  Vols.) 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  11 

VII.    CAUSES  OF  FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS 

1.  Classification  of  causes. 

(a)  Causes  acting  before  birth: 

Heredity;  neuropathic  ancestry;  syphilis;  tuberculosis; 
alcoholism;  maternal  ill-health,  accident,  or  shock;  con- 
sanguinity; age  of  parents;  endrocrine  disorders. 

(b)  Causes  acting  during  birth: 

Prolonged  parturition;  injurious  use  of  instruments; 
protracted  pressure;  premature  birth;  primogeniture. 

(c)  Causes  acting  after  birth: 
Traumatic;  toxic;  convulsive;  nutritional. 

2.  Human  heredity  in  relation  to  mental  deficiency. 

(a)  The  laws  of  heredity.     Mendelism. 

Physical  traits:  Height;  eye  color;  hair;  special  traits. 
Mental  traits:  Intelligence;  mental  stability;  special  traits. 
Mendelian  laws  applied  to  inheritance  of  mental  deficiency. 

1.  N  N  -  N  N  N  N  N  -  Normal,  duplex. 

2.  FF-FFFF  F-  Feeble-minded,  nulliplex. 

3.  N   F  -  N  N  N  N  N  -  Normal,  simplex. 

4.  N  N  -  N  N  N  F 

5.  A  F  -  F  N  N  F 

6.  N  N  -  N  N  :V  N 

Experimental  evidence  of  such  inheritance.     (Goddard). 
Reliability  of  data.     Sources  of  error. 

(b)  Terminology  in  the  study  of  heredity. 

Cell;  character;  cleavage;  cytoplasm;  Darwinism;  dominant; 
duplex;  fertilization;  germ-plasm;  hybrid;  mutation;  nulli- 
plex; nucleus;  recessive;  simplex;  soma;  unit  character. 

3.  Neuropathic  ancestry  in  relation  to  mental  deficiency. 

The  Vineland  investigation.     (Goddard). 
Inheritance  of  insanity.     (Rosanoff,  Mott). 

4.  Other  related  factors. 

(a)  Causes  acting  before  birth: 
Syphilis;  tuberculosis;  alcoholism. 
Maternal  ill-health;  accident,  or  shock. 
Consanguinity;  age  of  parents-. 
Malfunctioning  of  glands;  thyroid,  pituitary. 

(b)  Causes  acting  during  birth. 

(c)  Causes  acting  after  birth: 

Traumatic;  toxic;  convulsive;  nutritional. 


12  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Burt,    Cyril.     The   Inheritence    of   Mental    Characters.     Eugenics    Rev. 
IV,  1912-13.  pp.  168-200. 

2.  Castle,  W.  E.     Heredity.     New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1913.  pp.  184. 

3.  Cotton,    H.    A.     Some  Problems  in   the  Study   of  Heredity  in  Mental 
Diseases.     Eugenics  Rec.  Off.  Bull.  No.  8,  Aug.  1912. 

4.  Cotton,  H.  A.     The  Defective  Delinquent  and  Insane.     Ch.  II. 

5.  Conklin,    E.    G.     Heredity    and   Environment.      (3rd.    Ed).    Princeton: 
University  Press,  1920. 

6.  Davenport,     C.     B.     Heredity     of     Constitutional     Mental     Disorders. 
Psych.  Bull.  XVII-9,  Sept.   1920.  pp.   300-310.     Also   Eugenics   Record   Office 
Bulletin  No.  20,  Oct.  1920. 

7.  Davenport,     C.     B.     Heredity   in   Relation    to    Eugenics.     New     York: 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  1913.  Ch.  III. 

8.  Davenport,  C.  B.     How  Did  Feeble-mindedness  Originate  in  the  First 
Instance?     Pop.  Sci.  Mo.  Jan.  1912.     Also  Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  Oct.  1912  pp.  87-90. 

9.  Doll,  E.  A.     Clinical  Studies  in  Feeble-mindedness.      (Ch.  III). 

10.  Downing,  E.  R.     The  Third  and  Fourth  Generation.     Chicago:   Univ. 
Chicago  Press,  1920. 

11.  Elderton,  E.  M.  and  Pearson,  K.     The  Influence  of  Parental  Alchol- 
ism  upon  the  Physique  and  Intelligence  of  the  Offspring.     Galton  Eugenics 
Lab.  Pub.  X. 

12.  Goddard,    H.    H.     Feeble-mindedness;    its    Causes    and    Consequences. 

13.  Guyer,    M.    F.     Being    Weil-Born.     Indianapolis:    Bobbs-Merrill    Co., 
1916.  Ch.  VIII. 

14.  Heron,  David.     The  Influence  of  Unfavorable  Home  Environment  and 
Defective  Physique  on  the  Intelligence  of  School  Children.     Galton  Eugenics 
Lab.  Pub.  No.  VIII. 

15.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.     Psychology  of  Subnormal  Children.     Ch.  XII. 

16.  Holmes,   S.  J.     The  Inheritance   of  Mental  Defects   and  Disease.     In 
The  Trend  of  the  Race.      (Ch.  III).  New  York:  Harcourt,  Brace  &  Co.,  1921. 

17.  LaPage,   C.   P.     Feeble-mindedness   in   Children   of   School   Age.     Ch. 
XII-XIII. 

18.  Mjoen,  J.  A.     Effect  of  Alcohol  upor   the  Germ-plasm.     Problems  in 
Eugenics,  Vol.  II,  1913.  pp.  172-182. 

19.  Mott,  F.  W.     Heredity  and  Insanity.     Eugenics  Rev.  II-4,  Jan.  1911. 
pp.  257. 

20.  Ordahl,  G.     Heredity  in  Feeble-mindedness.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  XVI-1,  2, 
Mar.-Apr.  1919.  pp.  2-16. 

21.  Pearson,  K.  and  Elderton,  E.  M.     A  Second  Study  of  the  Influence  of 
Parental  Alcoholism  on  the  Physique  and  Ability  of  the  Offspring.     Galton 
Eugenics  Lab.     Memoir  XIII,  1910. 

22.  Pearson,  K.,  Heron,  D.,  arrd  Jaederholm,  G.     Mendelism  and  the  Prob- 
of  Mental  Defect.     London:  Dulau,  1914.  pp.  47. 

23.  Pearson,  K.     On  the  Inheritence  of  the  Mental  and  Moral  Characters 
in  man,   and  its   Comparison  with   the   Inheritence   of  Physical   Characters. 
Jour.  Anthrop.  Inst.  of  Gt.  Br.  XXXIII,  1903.  pp.  179-237. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  13 

24.  Poponoe,  P.  and  Johnson,  R.  H.     Applied  Eugenics.     New  York:  Mac 
millan  Co.,  1918.  pp.  459.  Ch.  IV. 

25.  Punnett    R.    C.    Mendelism.    (3rd    Ed.)    New    York:    Macmillan    Co., 
1915.  pp.  192. 

26.  Shuttleworth  and  Potts.     Mentally  Deficient  Children.     Ch.  V. 

27.  Stockard,  C.  R.     The  Effect  on  the  Offspring  of  Intoxicating  the  Male 
Parent    and   the    Transmission    of    the    Defects    to    Subsequent    Generations. 
Amer.  Nat.  XLVII,  1913.  pp.  641-682.      (Bibliog.) 

28.  Talbot,  E.  S.     Alcohol  in  its  Relation  to  Degeneracy.     Jour.  Am.  Med. 
Assoc.  Vol.  48.  pp.  399. 

29.  Tanzi.     Textbook  of  Mental  Diseases.     Ch.  XIII.  Thyroid  Psychoses. 

30.  Thompson,  J.  A.     Heredity.      (2nd  Ed.)    New  York:    G.  P.   Putnam's 
Sons,  1913.  Ch.  XIV. 

31.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  III. 

32.  Woodrow,  H.     Brightness  and  Dullness  in  Children.     Ch.  XII. 


DO          M          HA 


DA 


Fig.   2.     Mendelian    Inheritance   Chart.     After   Bowers:    The 
Necessity  for  Sterilization.     Jour.   Delinq.   Sept.   1921. 


14  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

VIII.  SOCIAL  AND  ECONOMIC   ASPECTS  OF  FEEBLE-MJNDEDNESS 

1.  The  social  meaning  of  feeble-mindedness. 

Social  adjustment  and  comptetion  as  essential  elements. 

2.  Problems  of  social  adjustment  and  contact. 

(a)  Alcoholism;  a  consequence,  not  a  cause.    (Anderson,  Goddard.) 

(b)  Child  dependency;  studies  of  orphan  children. 

(c)  Home  conditions  in  relation  to  intelligence.     (Clark.) 

(d)  Community  development. 

(e)  Immigration.     (Brown,  Goddard.) 

(f)  War.      (Mateer.) 

3.  Economic  and  industrial  problems. 

(a)  Poverty.     Meaning;  intelligence  and  social  success;  the  in- 
telligence of  paupers. 

(b)  Charity;  the  intelligence  of  its  recipients. 

(c)  Industrial  efficiency  of  the  feeble-minded.     Accidents. 

(d)  Unemployment  in  relation  to  intelligence.     (Adler.) 

(e)  Child  labor  andsubnormality. 

(f)  Exploitation  of  the  feeble-minded.  (Tollman. ) 

4.  Problems  of  social  morality. 

(a)  Prostitution  and  its  consequences.     Intelligence  of  prosti- 
tutes.    (Fernald,  Norton,  Paddon.) 

(b)  Illegitimacy.     Intelligence  of  unwed  mothers. 

(c)  Divorce  and  family  separation. 

5.  The  practical  consequences  of   the  prevalence  of  feeble-minded- 
ness  in  society. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Adler,   Herman   A.        Unemployment   and  Personality.       A    Study   of 
Psychopathic  Cases.     Ment.  Hyg.  1-1,  Jan.  1917.  pp.  16-24. 

2.  Anderson,  V.  V.     The  Alcoholic  as   seen  in  Court.     Jour.   Grim.   Law 
and  Criminol.  VII-1,  May  1916.  pp.  89-95. 

3.  Barnes,  C.  B.     Feeble-mindedness  as  a  Cause  for  Homelessness.       Tr. 
Sch.  Bull.  XIII-1,  Mar.  1916,  pp.  3-11;  Apr.  1916,  pp.  27-35. 

4.  Beard,  Margaret  K.     The  Relation  Between  Dependency  and  Retard- 
ation.    A  Study  of  1351  Public  School  Children  Known  to  the  Minneapolis 
Associated  Charities.     Minneapolis:  Univ.  Minn.  Research  Pub.  Vlli'-l,  1919. 
pp.  17. 

5.  Bernstein,     Chas.     B.     Self-sustaining     Feeble-minded.     Jour.     Psych. 
Asthen.  XXII-3,4,  Mar.-June  1918.  pp.  136-149. 

6.  Bigelow,   Elizabeth   B.     Experiment   to   Determine   the   Possibilities   of 
Subnormal  Girls  in  Factory  Work.     Ment.  Hyg.  V-2,  Apr.  1921.  pp.  302-320. 

7.  Brown,   G.   L.     Intelligence   and  Nationality.       Jour.    Educ.    Research, 
Apr.  1922.  pp.  324-327. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  15 

8.  Campbell,  C.  M.     Educational  Methods  and  the  Fundamental  Causes  of 
Dependency.     Ment.  Hyg.  1-2,  Apr.  1917.  pp.  235-240. 

9.  Clark,  W.  W.     Home  Conditions  and  Native  Intelligence.     Jour.  Delin. 
VIM,  Jan.  1922.  pp.  17-23 

10.  Cobb,    Margaret    E.     The    Mentality    of    Dependent    Children.     Jour. 
Delin.  VII-3,  May  1922.  pp.  132-140. 

11.  Farrell,  Elizabeth  E.     A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Careers  of  350 
Children   Who  Have  Left   Ungraded  Classes.     Jour.    Psych.   Asthen   XX-1,2, 
Sept.-Dec.  1916.  pp.  20-26. 

12.  Fernald,  W.  E.     The  Burden  of  Feeble-mindedness.     Mass.     Soc.  for 
Men.  Hyg.     Pub.  No.  4,  1912.  pp.  16. 

13.  Fernald,    W.    E.      (Chairman).     Report    of    ih,t    C 'impassion    for    the 
Investigation  of  the  white  Slave  Traffic,  So-called.     Boston,  Feb  .1914. 

14.  Fitts,  Ada  M.     Mental  Defectives  in  Industry.     Ungraded,  IV-8,  May 
1919.  pp.  179-183. 

15.  Fuller,  R.  G.     Child  Labor  and  Mental  Age.     Ped.  Sem.  XXIX-1,  Mar. 
1922.  pp.  64-71. 

16.  Gesell,  A.     Vocational  Probation  for  Subnormal  Youth.     Ment.  Hyg. 
V-2,  Apr.  1921.  pp.  321-326. 

17.  Goddard,    H.    H.     Feeble-mindedness;    its    Causes    and    Consequences. 
Ch.  I  and  X. 

18.  Goddard.  H.  H.     Mental  Tests  and  the  Immigrant.     Jour.  Delinq.  II-5 
Sept.  1917.  pp.  243-277. 

19.  Goddard,  H.  H.     Human  Efficiency  and  Levels  of  Intelligence.     1920. 

20.  Ide,   G.  G.     Some  Problems  at  the   Work  Age  Level.     Psych.   Clinic, 
XIII-1-3,  Dec.  1919.  pp.  75-87. 

21.  Johnson,  Eleanor  H.     The  Feeble-minded  as  City  Dwellers.     Survey, 
XXVII-22,  Mar.  1912.  pp.  1840-1843. 

22.  Johnson,  G.  E.     Unemployment  and  Feeble-mindedness.     Jour.  Delinq. 
II-2,  Mar.  1917.  pp.  59-73. 

23.  Kelley,  Agnes  M.  and  Lidbetter,  E.  J.     A  Comprehensive  Inquiry  on  the 
Heredity  and  Social  Conditions  among   Certain  Insane,   Mentally  Defective, 
and  Normal  Persons.     Eugenics  Rev.  XIII-2,  July  1921.  pp.  394-406. 

24.  Kenworthy,    M.    E.     The    Mental    Hygiene    Aspects    of    Illegitimacy. 
Ment.  Hyg.  V-3,  July  1921.  pp.  499-508. 

25.  Matthews,  Mabel  A.     One  Hundred  Institutionally  Trained  Male  De- 
fectives in  the  Community  Under  Supervision.     Ment.  Hyg.  VI-2,  Apr.  1922. 
pp.  332-342. 

26.  Mateer,    Florence.     The    Moron    as    a    War    Problem.     Jour.    Appl. 
Psych.  1-4,  Dec.  1917.  pp.  317-320. 

27.  Norton,  J.   K.     The  Mental  Ages  of  a  Group  of  Prostitutes.     Jour. 
Delinq.  V-3,  May  1920.  pp.  63-66. 

28.  Ordahl,  Geo.     The  Industrial  Sufficiency  of  the  Moron.     Tr.  Sch.  BuV 
XV-10,  Feb.  1919.  pp.  145-153. 

29.  Paddon,    Mary    E.     A    Study    of    Fifty    Feeble-minded    Prostitutes. 
Jour.  Delinq.  III-l,  Jan.  1918.  pp.  1-11. 

30.  Rossy,    C.    S.     Feeble-mindedness    and    Industrial    Relations.     Ment. 


16  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

Hyg.  II-l,  Jan.  1918.  pp.  34-52. 

31.  Taft,   Jessie,     Supervision   of   the   Feeble-minded  in   the   Community. 
Ment.  Hyg.  II-3,  July  1918.  pp.  434-442. 

32.  Tallman,    Gladys    G.     The    Mentality    of    some    Freaks    of    Nature. 
Psych.  Clinic,  XI-4,  June  1917.  pp.  120-122. 

33.  Terman,   L.  M.   and  Wagner,   Dorothy.     Intelligence   Quotients   of  68 
Children   in   a   California    Orphanage.     Jour.    Delinq.    III-3,    May    1918.    pp, 
115-121. 

34.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  XXI. 

35.  Williams,   J.    H.     The  Intelligence   of   Orphan   Children   and    Unwed 
Mothers  in  California  Charitable  Institutions.     Calif.  St.  Bd.  Char.  &  Corrv 
Surveys  in  Mental  Deviation,  1918.  pp,  46-82. 

36.  Williams,   J.   H.     Some   Feeble-minded   Charity   Cases   in   California. 
Tr.  Sch,  Bull.  XV-3,  May  1918.  pp.  36-42. 

37.  (Unsigned).     Child  Labor  and  Subnormality.     Amer.  Child,  III-2,  Aug. 
1921.  p.  115, 

College  Student^  - 

Business  Men 

Sxpresa   Co.   Employees  _ 

fiotoes  ** 


70  80  90  100          110 


Fig.  3.     Range  of  Intelligence  of  Social  Groups  (middle  50  per  cent). 
After  Norton,  The  Mental  Age  of  127  Prostitutes.     Jour.  Delinq.  May  1920. 


Outline  oj  Mental  Deficiency  17 

IX.  FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS  IN  RELATION  TO  DELINQUENCY  AND  CRIME 

1.  The  proportion  of  feeble-minded  among  juvenile  delinquents. 

(a)  Representative  juvenile  court  studies. 

Chicago.      (Bronner). 
Denver.      (Bluemel). 
New  York  City.      (Wembridge). 
San  Francisco.      (Bridgman). 
San  Jose.      (Ordahl). 

(b)  Representative  institution  studies. 

California.     Boys    and    Girls    Aid    Society.      (Faber,    Ritter)< 

California.     School  for  Girls.      (Fernald). 

California.     Preston  School  of  Industry.      (Allen). 

California.     Whittier   State   School.      (Williams). 

Idaho.     Industrial  Training  School.      (Houck,  Sisson} . 

Illinois.     St.   Charles  School  for  Boys.      (Ordahl) . 

Minnesota.     St.   Cloud  Reformatory.     (Green). 

New  York.     Reformatory  for  Women.      (Spaulding) . 

New  York.     State  Reformatories.      (Harding). 

Oregon.     Industrial  School  for  Girls.      (Kohs). 

Texas.     Training  School  for  Boys.      (Kelley). 

Wyoming.     Industrial   Institute.      (Richmond). 

2.  The  proportion  of  feeble-minded  among  adult  prisoners. 

Representative  studies. 

California.     San    Quentin   Prison.      (Terman,   Knollin}. 

Illinois.     State  Prison.      (Ordahl). 

Indiana.     State  Prison.      (Bowers). 

Massachusetts.     State   Prison.      (Rossy). 

New  York.     Sing  Sing  Prison.      (Glueck). 

Ohio.     Workhouse.     (Pintner,   Toops). 

United  States  Army.     Military  offenders.      (Lincoln). 

3.  Important  factors  to  consider  in   estimating  the   proportion    of 
feeble-minded  among  delinquents.     (Doll) 

Criterion  of  feeble-mindedness.  Validity  of  tests  used. 
Accuracy  of  measurements.  Test  conditions.  Age 
of  cases.  Sex  of  cases.  Race  and  Nationality.  Amount 
of  recididism.  Mental  stability.  Method  of  selection 
by  court.  Place  of  detention.  Supplementary  data. 

4.  Why  do  the  feeble-mined  tend  so  strongly  to  become  delinquent? 

(a)  Relation  between  mental  and  moral  development. 

(b)  The  criminal  instincts  of  the  feeble-minded.     (Goddard) 


18  Outline    of  Mental  Deficiency 

(e)  Moral  deficiency  and  its  practical  consequences. 

(d)  Moral  character  dependent  upon  (1)  inteligence;  (2)  training 

(3)  inclination, 
5.  Notorious  examples  of  defective  delinquents. 

(a)  Jean  Gianini.     (Gc-ddard). 

(b)  Roland  Penning  ton.     (Goddard). 

(c)  Fred  Tronson.     (Goddard). 

(d)  AlBerto  Flores.     (Termari). 

(e)  Louis  For  tine. 

ft   Feeble-minded  ness  in  relation  to  capital  punishment. 

7.  Feeble-mindedness  in  relation  to  specific  types  of  offenses. 

Stealing.     Immortality.     Forgery.     Assault.     Arson.     Murder, 

8.  The  determination  and  measurement  of  moral  character. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Anderson,  John   E.     A   Mental  Survey   of  the  Connecticut  Industrial 
School  for  Girls.     Jour.  Delinq.  VI-1,  Jan.  1921.  pp.  271-282. 

2.  Anderson,   V.   V.     Feeble-mindedness   as   Seen   in   Court.     Ment.   Hyg, 
1-2,  Apr.  1917.  pp.  260-265. 

3.  Bowers,    Paul   E.     A   Survey   of   2500   Prisoners   in   the   Psychopathic 
Laboratory    at    the   Indiana    State    Prison.     Jour.    Delinq.    IV-1,    Jan.    1919, 
pp.  1-45. 

4.  Bowers,    Paul    E.     The    Recidivist.     Jour.    Crim.    Law    and    CriminoL 
1914,  Vol.  V.   pp.  405-415. 

5.  Bowler,   Alida   C.     A   Study   of  Seventy-five   Delinquent   Girls.     Jour. 
Delinq.  II-3,  May  1917.  pp.  156-168. 

Bridgman.  Olga.  An  Experimental  Study  of  Abnormal  Children,  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Problems  of  Dependency  and  Delinquency.  Univ. 
Cal.  Pub.  in  Psych.  Vol.  3,  No.  1,  Mar.  1918. 

7.  Clark,  L.  P.     A  Consideration  of  Conduct  Disorders  in  the  Feeble-mind- 
ed.    Ment.  Hyg.  II-l,  Jan.  1918.  pp.  23-33, 

8.  Clark,  W.  W.     Supervised  Conduct-Response  of  Delinquent  Boys.     Jour. 
Delinq.  VI-3,  May  1921.  pp.  387-402, 

,    9.     Cotton,  H.  A.     The  Defective  Delinquent  and  Insane.     Princeton:  Univ. 
Press.  1921.  pp.  201. 

10.  Crafts,  L.  W.  and  Doll,  E.  A.     The  Proportion  of  Mental  Defectives 
among  Juvenile  Delinquents.     Jour.  Delinq.  II-3,  May,  1917.  pp.  119-143;  and 
II-4,  July  1917.  pp.  191-208. 

11.  FernaM,  Grace  M.     Re   ort  of  Psychological  Work  at  California  School 
for  Girls.     Jour.  Delinq.  1-1,  Mar.  1916.  pp.  22-32. 

12.  Fernald,  G.  G.     Character  as  an  Integral  Mentality  Function.     Ment. 
Hyg.  II-3,  July  1918.  pp.  448-462. 

13.  Fernald,  Mabel  R.;  Hayes,  Mary  H.;  and  Dawley,  Almena.     A  Study  of 
Women  Delinquents  in  New  York  State.     New  York:  Century  Co.,  1920.  pp. 
542. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  19 

14.  Glueck,    Bernard.     A  Study  of   608    Admissions  to  Sing   Sing  Prison. 
Ment.  Hyg.  II-l,  Jan.  1918.  pp.  85-151. 

15.  Goddard,  H.  H.     The  Criminal  Imbecile.     N.  Y.  1915.  pp.  154. 

16.  Goddard,   H.   H.     Juvenile  Delinquency.     New   York:    Dodd,   Mead   & 
Co.,  1921.  pp.  120. 

17.  Haines,  H.  ,  Feeble-mindedness  among  Adult  Delinquents.     Join-.  Crim. 
Law  and  Criminal.     VII-5,  Jan.  1917.  pp.  702-721. 

18.  Healy,  William.     The  Individual  Delinquent.     Boston,   1915.   pp.   788. 

19.  Kelley,  Truman  L.     Mental  Aspects  of  Delinquency.     Univ.  Texas  Bull. 
No.  1713.  Mar.  1917.  pp.  125. 

20.  Kuhlman,    Fred.     The   Mental    Examination   of  Reformatory    Cases. 
Jour.  Crim.  Law  and  Criminol.     V-5,  Jan.  1915.  pp.  666-674. 

21.  Lincoln,  E.  A.     The  Intelligence  of  Military  Offenders.     Jour.  Delinq. 
V-2,  Mar.  1920.  pp.  31-40. 

22.  McCord,   C.   P.     Physical  and  Mental   Condition  of   Delinquent   Boys. 
Jour.  Delinq.  IV-5,  Sept.  1919.  pp.  165-185. 

23.  Martin,  Lillien  J.     Pedagogical  Hints  from  a  Survey  of  a  San  Fran- 
cisco Public  School  for  Delinquent  Boys.     San  Francisco:  Martin  Mental  Hyg. 
Pub.  No.  5. '(Undated),  pp.  18. 

24.  Merrill,  Maud  A.     A  Note  on  the  Distribution  by  Grades  of  Defective 
Delinquent  Women  in  an  Institution  for  the  Feeble-minded.     Jour.  Psych.  Asth. 
XXII-3,4,  Mar.-June,  1918.  pp.  175-177. 

25.  Miner,  J.  B.     Deficiency  and  Delinquency.     Baltimore:    Warwick  and 
York,  1918.  pp.  355. 

26.  Orciahl,  George,  and  Ordahl,  L.  E.     A  Study  o*  Delinquent  and  Depend- 
ed Girls.     Jour.  Delinq.  III-2,  Mar.  1918.  pp.  41-73. 

27.  Ordahl,  George.     A  Study  of  Fifty-three  Male  Convicts.     Jour,  Delinq. 
I--1,  Mar.  1916.  pp.  1-21. 

28.  Pintner,   Rudolf,  and   Reamer,  Jeanette.     Mental  Abil  .fct   and  Future 
Success  of  Delinquent  Girls.     Jour.  Delinq.  III-2,  Mar.  1918.  pte.  74-79, 

29.  Pintner,  Rudolf,  and  Toops.  H.  A.     A  Mental  Survey  of  the  Population 
(•1  a   Workhouse.     Jour.  Delinq.  II-5.  Sept.  1917.  pp.  276-287. 

30.  Poull,   Louise   E.     A   St'-dy   of   150  Feeble-minded  Delinquents.     Un- 
grade:!,  III-9,  June  1918.  pp.  197-202. 

31.  Richmond,  Winifrec1.     .A??,  Industrial  Institute  Survey.     Jour.    Delinq. 
VI-5,  Sept.  1921.  pp.  473-486. 

32.  Rosf.y,  C.  S.     Results  of  Examination  of  300  Cases  at  Massachusetts 
State  Fr>son.     Bulletin,  Mass.  State  Bd.  Insan.  Boston,  1915. 

33.  Scott,  Augusta.     TJree  Hundred  Psychiatric  Examinations  Made  at 
the  Women's  Day  Court,  New  York  City.     Ment.  Hyg.  VI-2,  Apr.  1922.  pp. 
343-369. 

34.  Terman,  L.  M.,  and  Knollin.  H.  E.     A  Partial  Psychological  Survey  of 
the  Prison  Population  of  San  Quentin.  California.  Br-sed  on  Mental  Tests  of 
155  Consecutive  Entrants.     Calif.  St.  Bd.  Char,  and  Corr.  Surveys  in  Mental 
Deviation.     Sacramento.  1918.  pp.  6-19. 

35.  Wa^in.   J.   E.   W.     Feeble-mindedness   and   Delinquency.     Ment.   Hyg. 
1-4.  Oct.  1917.  pp.  585-590. 

36.  We^'densall,  Jean.     The  Mentality  of  the  Criminal  Women.     Baltimore: 
Warwick  &  York.  1916.  pp.  332. 

37.  Wembridge      Harry.     An   In  rc^Tf/at'on    of   Mental    Dcficiencit   amour/ 
'Ir  Delinquents  of  New  York  City.     Jour.  Delinq.  IV-5,  Sept.  1919.  pp. 

186-193. 

38.  Williams,  J.  H.     The  Intelligence   of   the   Delinquent  Boy.     Whittier 
CaUf.:     Whittier  State  School,  1919.  pp.  198. 


20  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

X.     THE  JUKES,  KALLIKAKS  AND  OTHER  DISGENIC  FAMILIES 

1.  The  consequences  of  hereditary  feeble-mindedness. 

Rapid  reproduction.  Choice  of  mates.  Consanguinity.  Lack 
of  social  responsibility.  Meaning  of  disgenics. 

2.  The  Jukes.     (Dugdale). 

Origin  of  the  study.  Method.  Habitat  of  the  Jukes.  Consan- 
guinity. Prostitution.  Illegitimacy.  Disease  and  pauperism. 
Alcoholism.  Crime.  Inductions  on  formation  of  character. 
Intermittent  industry.  Generalizations  on  heredity  and  en- 
vironment. Estimated  social  damage  of  the  Jukes. 

3.  The  Kailikak  Family.     (Goddard).* 

The  story  of  Deborah.  Method  of  the  study.  The  data  and  its 
reliability.  Character  of  the  Kallikaks.  The  bad  strain.  The 
goodstrain.  Family  charts.  Significance  of  the  findings.  What 
is  to  bedone? 

4.  Dwellers  in  the  Vale  of  Siddem.     (Rogers,  Merrill.)      » 

Method  of  study.  The  Vaie  of  Siddem.  The  Yaks.  The  Coreys. 
The  Tarns.  Intermarriages  and  descendants.  The  cost. 

5.  The  Rafer  family.     (Key). 

Material  and  methods.  Survey  of  the  strains.  Heritability  of 
social  traits  (Calculating  ability,  aggressiveness,  persever- 
ance). Statistics.  Relative  effect  of  environment  and  blood. 
Marriage  selection.  Immigration.  Conclusions. 

6.  Other  typical  family  studies. 

The  Hill  Folk.  The  Nam  family.  The  Pineys.  The  Family 
of  Sam  Sixty.  The  Tribe  of  Ishmael.  The  Lackeys.  The 
Hucks. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Davenport    and    Danielson.     The   Hill    Folk.     Eugenics    Record    Office, 
Memoir  No.  1.     Cold  Spring  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1912.  pp.  56. 

2.  Dugdale,  R.  L.     The  Jukes.     New  York,  1877. 

3.  Estabrook,   A.   H.     The   Jukes  in   1915.     Washington:    Carnegie   Insti- 
tution, 1916. 

4.  Estabrook,    A.    H.     The    Tribe    of    Ishmael.     Ungraded,    VII-4,    Jan. 
1922.  pp.  73-76. 

5.  Estabrook,  A.  H.  and  Davenport,  C.  B.     The  Nam  Family — A  Study  in 
Cacogenics.     Eugenics  Record    Office,    Memoir  No.  2.     Cold  Spring  Harbor, 
Aug.  1912.  pp.  85. 

6.  Goddard,   H.    H.     The   Kailikak   Family.     New   York:    Macmillan    Co., 
1914.  pp.  117. 

7.  Hackbush,  Florentine.     The  Need  For  Intensive  Supervision.     A  Study 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  21 

of  a  Subnormal  Family  Group  in  a  Rural  District.     Ungraded,  VI-8,   May 
1921.  pp.  171-176;  June  1920.  pp.  198-206. 

8.  Joerger,    J.     Die  Familie  Zero.     Archiv.    f.   Rasse    und  Ges.   Biol.   II, 
1905.  pp.  494. 

9.  Kendig,  Isabelle.     The  Hucks.     Eugenics  Rev.  Jan.  1915.  pp.  309. 

10.  Key,  Wiihelmine  E.     Heredity  and  Social  Fitness.     A  Study  of  Differ- 
ential Matings  in  a  Pennsylvania  Family.     Washington:    Carnegie   Institu- 
tion, 1920.  pp.  102. 

11.  Kite,   Elizabeth   S.     The   Pineys.     Survey,   XXX-1,   Oct.   4,   1913.   pp. 
7-13,  38-40. 

12.  Kite,  Elizabeth  S.     The  Lackey  Family     Rahway,  N.  J.  Reform  Print, 
Mar.  1913. 

13.  Kostir,  M.  S.     The  Family  of  Sam  Sixty.     Columbus:   Ohio  Board  of 
Admistration,  1916. 

14.  New   York   State   Board   of   Charities.     Nineteen   Epileptic  Families. 
Eugenics  and  Social  Welfare  Bull.  No.  IX.  Albany,  1917.  pp.  94. 

15.  Randolph,  Julia  F.     Canton  Kallikaks.     Psych.   Clinic,   XII-5-9,   May 
1919.  pp.  279-281. 

16.  Rogers,  A.  C.,  and  Merrill,  Maud.     Dwellers  in  the  Vale  of  Siddem. 
Boston,  1919.  pp.  80. 

17.  Rutherford,   W.   J.     A   Family   of  Degenerates.     Mendel   Jour.    Sept. 
1912. 

18.  White,    Elizabeth    C.     The   Pineys    of   New   Jersey.     Tr.     Sch.     Bull. 
XIV-3,  May  1917.  pp.  42-47;  XIV-4,  June  1917.  pp.  58-62. 


22  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

XL  METHODS  OF  CONTROL  AND  CARE 

1.  History  of  the  treatment  of  the  feeble-minded.    (W.  E.  Fernald). 

Significant  items  and  events: 

180u.     Itard  began  his  efforts  to  educate  the  "Savage  of  Aveyron." 
1818.     Several  idiots  received  for  special  instruction  at  Asylum    for  Deaf 

and  Dumb,  Hartford,  Conn. 

1828-33.     Special  schools  opened  in  Paris  by  Ferret,  Fabret,   and    Voisin. 
1837.     Seguin  began  private  instructkn  of  idiots. 
1842.     Seguin  made  instructor  at  Voisin's  school. 
1842.     Guggenbuhl  established  special  school  in  Switzerland. 

1845.  Alienists  in  U.  S.  urged  care  of  mentally  deficient. 

1846.  Seguin  published  his  Treatise  on  Idiocy. 
1846.     Special  school  opened  at  Bath,  England. 

1846.     New  York  legislature  heard  report  of  census  of  idiots. 

1846.  Massachusetts  Committee  appointed  to  connider  problem  of  relief 
for  idiots. 

1848.     Massachusetts  Committee  report  submitted. 

1848.  Massachusetts  Legislature  appropriated  $2,500  annually  for  exper- 
imental school.  This  became  "Massachusetts  School  for  Idiotic  and 
Feeble-minded  Youth." 

1851.  New  York  appropriated  $6,000  for  experimental  school.  This  be- 
came 'New  York  State  Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children. " 

1853.     Pennsylvania  Training  School  established. 

1857.  Ohio  institution  established. 

1858.  Connecticut  institution  established.     Based  on  survey. 

1860.  Kentucky  institution  established,  supplanting  $50  annual  allowance 
to  families  having  feeble-minded  children. 

1865.     Illinois  established  experimental  school. 

1874.     There  were  institutions  for  feeble-minded  in  7  states. 

1885.     California  established  Sonoma  State  Home. 

1890.     U.  S.  Census  showed  95, 571  feeble-minded. 

1892.  There  were  19  public  institutions.  6, 000  inmates.  Outlay  $4, 000, 000. 
Annual  expenditures  $1,000,000.  There  were  also  9  private  schools. 

1917.     California  established  Pacific  Colony. 

1922.  About  40  state  institutions  for  feeble-minded,  in  addition  to  nu- 
merous private  institutions.  40,519  inmates. 

2.  Methods  of  admission  to  institutions. 

Voluntary.  Commitment.  Acceptance  for  special  study  and 
observation.  Age  of  admission.  (75%  over  10  years  of 
age;  45%  over  15  years  of  age). 

3.  Methods  of  institution  care  and  training. 

Housing  systems.     Congregate  plan.     Cottage  plan. 
Classification.      Segregation.      Feeding.     Clothing. 
Recreation.     Hospital  care.     Visitation.     Vacation  periods. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  23 

Educational    training.     Coordination;  care   of  personal   needs; 

physical-training1;  sense  training;  formal  schooling. 
Industrial  training.     Rehabilitation  for  productive  effort. 
Social  and  moral  training.     Supervision;  discipline. 

4.  Colony  care  of  the  feeble-minded. 

Experiments.     Results.     Probable  future  and  advantages, 

5.  Release  of  inmates  from  public  institutions, 

(a)  Removal  by  parent  or  guardians. 

(b)  Discharge  by  the  institution. 

(c)  Parole;  methods  and  results.     Problems  of  after-care. 
H.  Institution  administration  and  its  problems. 

Methods  of  establishing  institutions. 
State  organization.     Unit  plan.     Consolidation   plan. 
Types  of  consolidation:— Ohio;  New  Jersey;  Illinois;  California, 
Appropriation   problems.     Employment.     Public  attitude. 
Research  work  as  a   basis  for  administration. 
7.  Important  problems  in  future  institution  development. 

Special  care  of  the  moron.  Determination  of  feeble-mindedness. 
Arousing  of  public  interest.  Community  supervision.  Obliga- 
tions of  the  state  in  the  matter  of  mental  deficiency. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 


1.  Anderson,    V.    V.     State    Institutions    for    the    Feeble-minded.     Ment. 
Hyg.  IV-3,  July  1920.  pp.  626-646, 

2.  IfcwJey,  Pearce.     State  Care,  Training,  and  Education  of  Mental  Defec- 
tives.    Mental  Hygiene,  VI- 1,  Jan.  1922.  pp.  57-67. 

3.  Bernstein,    Chas.     Rehabilitation   of   the   Feeble-minded.     Jour.    Psych. 
Asth.   XXIII,   1918.   pp.   92-93. 

4.  Byers,  J.  P.     A  State  Plan  for  the  Care  of  the  Feeble-minded.     Nat. 
Conf.  C.  and  C.  Reprint  No.  61,  1916.  pp.  6. 

5.  Cornell,  W.  B.     The  Organization  of  Institutions  for  the  Feeble-minded 
in  the  United  States.     Jour.  Psych.  Asthen.  XXV,  1920.  pp.  21-27.  - 

6.  Emerick,  E.  J.     Progress  in  the  Care  of  the  Feeble-minded  .in  Ohio* 
Jour.  Psych.  Asth.  XXII-2,  Dec.  1917.  pp.  73-79. 

7.  Fernald,    G.    G.     The    Problem    of    Extra-Institutional    Feeble-minded, 
Jour.  Psych.  Asth.  XXIII,  1918.  pp.  82-91. 

8.  Fernald,    W.    E.     History    of    the    Treatment    of    the    Feeble-minded* 
Boston:     George  H.  Ellis  Co.,  Fourth  Edition,   1912.  pp.   19. 

9.  Fernald,  W.  E.     Some  of  the  Limitations  of  the  Plan  for  the  Segrega- 
tion of  the  Feeble-minded.     Ungraded,  III-8,  May  1918.  pp.  171-176. 

10.  Fernald,  W.  E.     The  Growth  of  Provision  for  the  Feeble-minded  in 
the   United  States.     Mental   Hygiene,   1-1,  Jan.    1917.     pp.  34-59.   (Contains 
Directory  of  Institutions  in  U.  S.) 


24  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

-V-   11.     Fernald,  W.  E.     A  State  Program  for  the  Care  of  the  Mentally  De- 
fective.     Mental  Hygiene,  III-4,  Oct.  1919.  pp.  566-574. 

12.  Hebbard,  R.  W.     The  Development  of  State  Institutions  for  the  Ment- 
ally Defective  in  this  State  for  the  Next  Decade.     New  York  St.  B.  Charities, 
Eugenics  and  Soc.  Welfare  Bull.  No.  II,  1912.  pp.  14. 

13.  Johnstone,  E.  R.     Care  of  the  Feeble-minded  in  New  Jersey.     Tr.  Sch, 
Bull.  XIV-2,  Apr.  1917.  pp.  23-29. 

14.  Kirkbride,   F.   B.     Types   of  Buildings  for  State  Institutions  for  the 
Feeble-minded.     Nat.  Conf.  C.  and  C.  Reprint  No.  81,  1916.  pp.  7. 

15.  Kuhlmann,  F,     The  Part  Played  by  the  State  Institutions  in  the  Care 
of  the  Feeble-m.inded.     Jour.  Psych.  Asthen.  XXI-1,  2,  1916.  pp.  24. 

16.  Mastin,  J.  T.     The  New  Colony  Plan  for  the  Care  of  the  Feeble-mind- 
ed.    Jour.  Psych.  Asth.  XXI-1,-2,  Sept.-Dec.   1916.  pp.  25-35. 

17.  National     Committee    on    Provision    for    the     Feeble-minded.     Colony 
Care  for  the  Feeble-minded.     Bulletin  No.  3.  Philadelphia,  1916.  pp.  19. 

18.  Shuttleworth   and   Potts,     Mentally   Deficient   Children.     Ch.    Ill   and 
VIII. 

19.  Terrnan,  L.  M.     Some  Impressions  of  the  Training  School.     Tr.  Sch, 
Bull.  XIV-7,  Nov.  1917.  pp.  106-109. 

20.  Training  School  at  Vineland.     Colony  Number  of  the  Training  School 
Bulletin.     XII-2,  Apr.  1915.  pp.  35-51. 

21.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  XIX. 

22.  Turner,  F.  Douglas.     Notes  About  Institutions  for  Defectives.     Stud- 
ies in  Inefficiency,  1-2,  Apr.  1920.  pp.  32-38. 

23.  Wallace,     G.    L.     Parole   of   the   Feeble-minded.     Jour.    Psych.    Asth. 
XXIII,  1918.  pp.  60-81. 

24.  Wallin,  J.  E.  W.     A  Program  for  the  State  Care  of  the  Feeble-minded 
and  the  Epileptic.     School  and  Society,  IV-98,  Nov.  11,  1916.  pp.  723-731. 

25.  Yoakum,    C.     S.     Care   of   the    Feeble-minded   and  Insane   in    Texas, 
Austin:  Univ.  Texas,  1914.  pp.  156.  (Bulletin  No.  369). 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  25 

XII.  PUBLIC  EDUCATION  AND  FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS 

1.  Responsibility  of  the  public  schools  in  the  problem  of  educating 

mentally  deficient  children.     (Spaulding). 

Nearly  all  feeble-minded  enter  public  schools.  Extent  of  feeble- 
mindedness  in  the  schools.  Impracticability  of  state  insti- 
tution provision  for  all.  Local  measures  needed. 

Reports  of  school  surveys:     Portland,  Salt  Lake  City,    Cleveland, 

Boise,  Bikersfield,  New  Haven,  Santo,  Ana. 

2.  Detection  of  feeble-mindedness  in  the  schools. 

Psychological  examination.  Retardation.    Lack  of  ability.  School 

records. 

Errors  commonly  made  by  teachers  in  estimating  intelligence. 
What  the  leading  school  systems  are  doing. 
The  grading  of  school  children  by  mental  age.     (Terman). 

3.  Organization  and  development  of  special  classes. 

The  special  room  vs.  the  special  school.     (Cresswell). 
History  of  the  special  class  movement.     Results. 
Present  status  of  special  class  work  in  United  States. 
Leading  examples: 

Oakland:  A  typical  classes;  limited  classes;  opportunity  classes. 

Los  Angeles:  Development  classes;  adjustment  classes;  oppor- 
tunity classes. 
Other  leading  cities:     New  York,    Boston,     Newark,  Trenton, 

Omaha,  Cleveland,    Richmond,    Detroit,   Kansas   City. 
Salary  of  the  special  class  teacher. 

4.  Organization  of  ungraded  room. 

Relation  of  the  ungraded  room  to  the  school. 

Selection  of  pupils.      Detention   of    pupils.  Size  of    classes* 

Equipment.     Time  schedule. 

Rules  and  regulations.  (Wallin). 

5.  Course  of  study  for  ungraded  rooms. 

Experimental  evidence  on  the  several  subjects. 
The  three  R's.     (Merrill). 
Language.     (Hoar). 
Arithmetic.     (Lamson). 
Physical  training.     (Kaufman). 
Music.     (Bonn,  Kelley). 
Games  and  exercises.     (  Wrightson). 
Woodwork.     (Tiffany). 


26  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

Productive  vocational  work.    (Coivdery,  Sturgis). 
Morals  and  manners.     (Burkhardt] . 

6.  Problems    in    the    psychology  of    f  eeble-mindedness    related  to 

special    class  instruction. 

Special  abilities  and  disabilities. 

Rate  of  improvement  shown  by  educational   tests.     (Murdoch), 

Restoration  of  backward  cases, 

7.  Social  aspects  of  the  special  class. 

After- success  of  ungraded  room  pupils. 

Opportunity  schools. 

Vacation  schools. 

Filling  the  gap  between  the  schools  and  institutions.      (Fitts). 

4 'Problem"  classes. 

State  subsidy  for  special  classes. 

8.  Training  of  teachers  for  special  class  work. 

History  of  special  class  training.  Pioneer  work;  Vineland,  N.J.; 
Faribault,  Minn. ;  Waverley,  Mass. ;  Lapeer,  Mich. ;  Rome, 
N.  Y. 

University  courses  in  special  class  work. 
Extent  of  training.     One  or  two  years  beyond     regular 

teacher's  course. 
Basis  of  training:  (a)  Knowledge  of  feeble-mindedness.     (b) 

Knowledge  of  what  the  feeble-minded   can  be   taught 

to  do. 
Conditions  the  special  class  teacher  must  be  prepared   to 

meet. 
Outline  of  one    year    course  of  study.     (Goddard). 

I.  Feeble-mindedness,       (General).       Social  Aspects.       Her- 

edity.      Diagnosis.     Observation  and   Practice. 

II.  Psychological   aspects.         Theory    of    Medical    inspection. 
Physical  defects.       Neurology.       Hygiene  of  mental  de- 
ficiency.      Organization  and  management  of  special  class. 
Observation  and  practice. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Anderson,  Meta  L.     Education  of  Defectives  in  the  Public  Schools.     New 
York:    World  Book  Co.,  1917.  pp.  104. 

2.  Baldwin,  B.  T.     Studies  in  Experimental  Education.     Baltimore:  Johns 
Hopkins  Press,  1920.  pp.  75. 

3.  Boston  Public  Schools.     The  Boston  Way.     Plans  for  the  Development 
of  the  Individual  Child.     Boston,  1917.  pp.  127. 

4.  Creswell,  Cordelia.     Special  Schools  vs.  Special  Classes.     Jour.   Psych. 
Asthen.  XIX-2,  Dec.  1914. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  27 

5.  Fitts,  Ada  M.     How  to  Fill  the  Gap  Between  the  Special  Classes  and  the 
Institutions.     Jour.  Psych.  Asthen.  XX-3,  4,  Mar.-June  1916.  pp.  78-87. 

6.  Fitts,   Ada   M.     The   Value   of  Special   Classes   in   the   Public  Schools. 
Jour.  Psych.  Asthen.  XXV,  1920.  pp.  115-123. 

7.  Gatewood,  Esther  L.  arid  Evans,  J.  E.     A  Survey  of  an  Opportunity 
School.     Jour.  Delinq.  IV-2,  Mar.  1918.  pp.  86-102. 

8.  Gesell,   Arnold.     What   Can   the   Teacher  Do   for   the  Deficient  Child? 
Hartford:  Conn.  St.  Bd.  Educ.  1918.  pp.  47. 

9.  Gesell,  Arnold.     Exceptional  Children  and  Public  School  Policy.     New 
Haven:  Yale  Univ.  Press,  1921.  pp.  66. 

10.  Goddard,  H.  H.     A  Course  for  Teachers  of  Mental  Defectives.     Sch. 
and  Soc.  111-66,  Apr.  1,  1916.  Also  Pub.  No.  10,  Training  School  at  Vineland, 
Apr.  1916. 

11.  Goddard,  H.  H.     School  Training  of  Defective  Children.     New  York: 
World  Book  Co.,  1914.. pp.  97. 

12.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.       Special  Disabilities  that  Contribute  to  Retarda- 
tion in  School  Status.     Ungraded,  V-3,  Dec.  1919.  pp.  49-54. 

13.  Holmes,    Arthur.     Backward    Children.     Indianapolis:    Bobbs    Merrill 
Co.,  1915.  pp.  247. 

14.  Irwin,  Elizabeth    A.     A  Study  of  the    Feeble-minded  in  a  West  Side 
School  in  New  York  City.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  X-5,  Sept.  1913.  pp.  1-15. 

15.  Jacobsen,  Julie  M.     The  Special  School  in  Norway  and  Work  Connected 
with  it.       Studies  in  Ment.  Inefflc.  III-2,  Apr.  1922.  pp.  25-31. 

16.  Lloyd,  S.  M.  and  Ullrich,  Oscar  A.     The  Progress  of  Pupils  in  an  Un- 
graded Class.     Psych.  Clinic,  XI-9,  Feb.  1917.  pp.  276-287. 

17.  Maxfleld,  F.  N.     The  Present  Status  of  the  Subnormal  Class.     Psych. 
Clinic,  XIII-1,3,  Dec.  1919.  pp.  27-32. 

18.  Merrill,    Maud.      The  Abilities  of  the  Special  Class   Children  .in  the 
Three  R's.     Ped.  Sem.  XXV-1,  March  1918.  pp.  88-96. 

19.  Mitchell,  David.     Schools  and  Classes  for  Exceptional  Children.     Sur- 
vey Comm.  of  Cleveland  Foundation,  1916.  pp.  122. 

20.  Murdoch,  Kate     Rate  of  Improvement  of  the  Feeble-minded  as  Shown 
by  Standardized  Educational  Tests.     Jour.  Appl.  Psych.  Sept.  1918. 

21.  Nash,   Alice  M.   and   Porteus,   S.   D.     The   Educational    Treatment   of 
Defectives.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  XVI-7,  Nov.  1919.  pp.  113-131. 

22.  Spaulding,  Frank  E.     Some  Admistrative  Aspects  of  the  Care  of  the 
Feeble-minded  in  the  Public  School  System.     Jour.  Psych.  Asthen.  XXV,  1920. 
pp.  71-78. 

23.  Stearns,  Theron  C.     School  Records  as  an  Indication  of  Mental  Sub- 
normality.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  XVI-6,  Oct.  1919.  pp.  93-96. 

24.  Stenquist,  J.  L.     The  Case  for  the  Low  I.  Q.     Jour.  Educ.  Research, 
IV-4,  Nov.  1921.  pp.  241-254. 

25.  Terman,  L.  M.     The  Intelligence  of  School  Children.     Ch.  VII,  VIII, 
IX. 

26.  Toops,  H.  A.  and  Pintner,  R.     Mentality  in  its  Relations  to  Elimhwtion 
from   School.     Sch.   &    Soc.    VII-174,   Apr.    27,    1918.    pp.    507-510;    VII-175, 
May  4,  1918.  pp.  534-539. 

27.  Wallin,  J.  E.  W.     Suggested  Rules  for  Special  Classes.     Educ.  Adm. 
&  Sup.  VII-8,  Nov.  1921.  pp.  447-452. 

28.  Wallin,  J.   E.    W.     The  Problems   Confronting   a   Psycho-Educational 
Clinic  in  a  Large  Municipality.     Ment.   Hyg.   IV-1,  Jan.    1920.  pp.   103-136. 

29.  Williams,  J.   H.     A   Survey   of  Pupils   in  the  Schools   of  Bakersfield, 
California.     Whittier  State  School,  Research  Bulletin  No.  9,  1920.  pp.  43. 

30.  Woodhill,  Edith  E.     Public  School  Clinics  in  Connection  with  a  State 
School   for   Feeble-minded.     Jour.    Psych.    Asthen.    XXV,    1920.    pp.    94-103 
Also  Ment.  Hyg.  IV-4,  Oct.  1920.  pp.  911-919. 

31.  Woodrow,  Herbert.     Brightness  and  Dullness  in  Children      Ch    XIII- 
XIV,  pp.  254-310. 


28  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

XIII.     THE  PREVENTION  OF  FEEBLE- MINDNESS 

1.  Review  of  the  causes  of  feeble-mindedness  in  relation  to  preven- 

tion.     Heredity.     Disease.     Endocrine   disorders.     Injuries   at 
birth.     Accident.     Nutrition. 

2.  Segregation  as  a  means  of  preventing  feeble-mindedness. 

The  limitations  of  segregation.     (Fernald). 

3.  Sterilization  of  the  feeble-minded. 

Present-day  endorsement  of  sterilization. 
Extent  of  present  practice.     (Laughliri}. 
Limitations  of  sterilization.     (Fernald). 
Methods  of  sterilization.     (Peters). 

(a)  Removal  of  sexual  glands,     (castration;  ovariotomy). 

(b)  Transection  or  ligation  of  efferent  ducts  (vasectomy,  sal- 
pingectomy). 

(c)  Roentgenization. 

4.  Regulation  of  marriage.     (Tredgold). 

5.  The  racial  origin  of  feeble-mindedness  in  relation  to  its  contol  and 

prevention.     (Davenport). 

6.  Elements  in  the  development  of  the  public  attitude  toward  the  pre- 

vention of  disgenic  procreation. 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Barker,   Llewellen.     On   the  Prevention   of   Racial   Deterioration   and 
Degeneracy  Especially  by  Denying  the  Privileges  of  Parenthood  to  the  Mani- 
festly Unfit.     Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  1910. 

2.  Bowers,  Paul  E.     The  Necessity  for  Sterilization.     Jour.  Delinq.  VI-5, 
Sept.  1921.  pp.  487-504. 

3.  Committee    on    Cacogenic    Control.     Sterilization    Studies.     Eugenical 
News,  May,  1918.     Also  in  Jour.  Crim.  Law  and  Criminol.,  IX-4,  Feb.  1919. 
pp.  596-597. 

4.  Davenport,  C.  B.     Origin  and  Control  of  Feeble-mindedness.     Pop.  Sci. 
Mo.  Jan.  1912. 

5.  Ellis,    Havelock.     The    Sterilization    of    the    Unfit.     Eugenics    Rev.    1, 
1910.  pp.  203-206. 

.  6.  English  Committee  on  Poor  Law  Reform.  The  Eugenic  Principle 
and  the  Treatment  of  the  Feeble-minded.  Eugenics  Rev.  II,  1910-11.  pp. 
178-185. 

7.  Fernald,   W.   E.     What  is   Practicable   in   the   Way   of   Prevention   of 
Mental  Defect.     Mass.  Soc.  for  Mental  Hygiene,  Pub.  No.  6.  Boston,  Mass. 

•  n     1915.  pp.  12. 

8.  Goddard,    H.    H.     Feeble-mindedness;    its    Causes    and    Consequences. 
Ch.  IX. 

9.  Hollingworth,  L.  S.     Psychology  of  Subnormal  Children.     Ch.  XII. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  29 

10.  Jordan,  David  Starr.     Race  Hygiene  in  Norway.     Science,  N.  S.  44, 
Feb.  16,  1917.  pp.  167-168. 

11.  Kellicott,   W.   E.     The   Social  Direction   of   Human   Evolution.     New 
York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1911. 

12.  Laughlin,  H.  H.     Eugenical  Sterilization  in  the  United  States.     New 
York:  Am.  Soc.  Hyg.  Assoc.  1920.  pp.  32. 

13.  March,    Lucien.     Some   Attempts    Toivard   Race    Hygiene    in   France 
During  the  War.     Eugenics  Rev.  X-4,  Jan.  1919.  pp.  195-212. 

14.  Matzinger,   H.   G.     The  Prevention   of  Mental  Defect.     Jouf.   Psych. 
Asthen.  XXIII,  1918.  pp.  11-21. 

.     15.     Newman,  H.  H.       Evolution;   Genetics  and  Eugenics.       Ch.  XXXV- 
XXXVII. 

16.  Peters,  A.  W.     Sterilization  of  Mental  Defectives  Considered  from  the 
Physiological    Standpoint.     Med.    Rec.    Aug.    29,    1914.    Vineland:    Training 
School,  Pub.  No.  2,  Sept.  1914.  pp.  15. 

17.  Shuttleworth   and    Potts:     Mentally   Deficient    Children.     Ch.    XII. 

18.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency,     pp.  455-462. 

19.  Van   Wagenen,   Bleeker.     Preliminary  Report   on   the  Best  Practical 
Means  for  Cutting   off   the  Defective   Germ-plasm  from   the   Human  Race. 
Problems  in  Eugenics,  Vol.  I.  pp.  460-479. 

20.  Wilmarth,  A.  W.     The  Practical  Working  Out  of  Sterilization.     Jour. 
Psych.  Asthen.  XXIII,  1918.  pp.  22-24. 


30  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

XIV  LEGAL  ASPECTS  OF  FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS 

1.  Legal  definition  and  terminology. 

English  law.     Definition  of  special  grades  of  mental  defectives. 
Idiot.     Imbecile.     Feeble-minded  (moron).    Moral  imbecile. 
California  law.     Definition  in  terms  of 

(a)  social  condition, 
.  (b)  psychological  condition. 

2.  Legal  responsibility  of  the  mentally  abnormal. 

In  relation  to  tort;  contracts;  marriage;    divorce:   testamentary 
capacity.     (Cook). 

3.  Mental  examinations  and  expert  testimony. 

General  considerations.     (Anderson). 

Procedure  of  court  examination.     (Downey,   Terman). 

Expert  testimony  on  mental  condition.     (Terman,  White). 

4.  Legal  consideration  of  feeble-mindedness  in  granting  leniency  in 

criminal  procedure. 

Significance  for  legal  practice  of  surveys  of  court  cases. 

Forensic  psychiatry.     (Glueck). 

5.  Legal  commitment,  retention,  and  release  of  the  feeble-minded. 

Illinois  law.     (Caldwell) 
California  law. 

6.  Legal  responsiblity  of  public  schools  toward  feeble-minded. 

Retardation.     Special  classes.     Compulsory  attendance. 
Elimination  from  school  because  of  mental  inferiority. 

7.  Legal  provision  for  preventive  measures. 

Sterilization  laws.     (Smith',  Committee  on  Cacogenics). 
Eugenics  examination  as  a  prerequisite  to  marriage.   ( Tredgold). 

8.  Legal  provision  for  research  in  mental  deficiency. 

Juvenile  research  laws.     California.     Illinois.     Ohio. 
Scientific  basis  of  Pacific  Colony,  California.     (Williams). 

9.  Representative  state   and    national   laws  concerning   mental  de- 
ficiency.  England.  Illinois.  Missouri.  California. 

10.  Proposals  for  improvement  in  laws. 

Definition.  Legal  responsibility.  Expert  testimony.  Recog- 
nition of  mental  deficiency  in  causal  relation  to  crime  and  delin- 
quency. Commitment.  Sterilization.  Marriage.  PubJic  school 
responsibility.  Registration.  Administrative  control.  Research. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  31 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Anderson,  V.  V.     The  Feeble-minded  as  Seen  in  Court.     Jour.  Psych. 
Asth.  XXI-3,  4,  Mar.-June,  1917.  pp.  82-87. 

2.  Caldwell,  C.  B.     Illinois  Commitment  Law  for  the  Feeble-minded.     In- 
stitution Quarterly,  Springfield  111.  VIII-1,  Mar.  1917.  pp.  69-71. 

3.  Committee    on    Cacogenic    Control.     Sterilization     Studies.     Eugenical 
News,  May  1918.     Also  in  Jour.  Cr.  Law  and  Criminol.,     IX-4,  Feb.  1919.  pp. 
596-597. 

4.  Cook,    William    G.  H.     Insanity  and  Mental  Deficiency  in  Relation  to 
Legal  Responsibility.     London:  G.  Routledge  &  Sons,  1921.  pp.  192. 

5.  Cornell,  W.  B.     The  New  State  Law  Relating  to  Retardation  of  Public 
School  Chilren  and  its  Application.     Ungraded,  V-3,  Dec.  1919.  pp.  55-59. 

6.  Crane,    Newton.     Recent  Eugenic  and  Social  Legislation  in  America. 
Eugenics  Rev.  X-l,  Apr.  1918.  pp.  24-29. 

7.  Doll,  E.  A.     A  State  Policy  for  Defective  Delinquents.     Tr.  Sch.  Bull. 
XIX-2,  Apr.  1922.  pp.  18-22. 

8.  Downey,   June    E.     A   Mental   Examination   in   Open   Court.     Survey, 
XXXVII-15,  Jan.  13,  1917.  pp.  427-428. 

9.  England.     House  of  Commons.     The  Feeble-minded  Control  Bill.     Eu- 
genics Rev.  Ill,  1911-12.  pp.  354-358. 

10.  England.     Mental  Deficiency  Act  of  1913.     Summary  and  Report.     Tr. 
Sch.  1914. 

11.  Fernald,    W.  E.      (Chairman).     Report    of    Committee    on    Defective 
Delinquents.     Mass.  Commis.  on  Ment.  Dis.  Ann.  Report,  1919.  pp.  14-17. 

12.  Gallatin,  F.  D.     Mental  Defectives  and  the  Law.     New  York:   State 
Charities  Aid  Assoc.,  Committee  on  Mental  Hygiene.  1918.  pp.  20. 

13.  Hamilton,  S.  W.     Summaries  of  State  Laws  Relating  to  the  Feeble- 
minded  and  the  Epileptic.     New  York:   Nat.   Comm.  for  Ment.  Hyg.,  1917. 
pp.  240. 

14.  Harley,  H.  L.     Observations  on  the  Operation  of  the  Illinois  Commit- 
ment Law  for  the  Feeble-minded.     Jour.    Psych.    Asth.    XXII-2,  Dec.   1917. 
pp.  94-107. 


32  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

15.  Hastings,   Geo.  A.     Registration  of  the  Feeble-minded.     Jour.   Psych. 
Asth,  XXII-3,  4,  Mar.-June,  1918.  pp.  136-149.     Also  Ment.  Hyg.  II-4,  Oct. 
1918.  pp.  534-545. 

16.  Illinois  Law  for  the  Commitment  of  the  Feeble-minded.     Institution 
Quarterly,  Springfield,  111.,  VI-3,  Sept.  1915.  pp.  8-16. 

17.  Kingberg,    0.     Obligatory   Examinations   for   Certain   Classes   of   Ac- 
cused Persons.     Jour.  Grim.  Law  and  Criminol.,  II,  1912.  pp.  858-867. 

18.  Leach,    R.-  A.     The    Mental    Deficiency    Act,    1013.     London:    L.G.B. 
Press, 

19.  Leonard,  Thomas  H.     General  Synopsis  of  the  Commitment  Law  in 
Illinois,  and  Three  Years  of  Experience  with  it.     Jour.  Psych.  Asth.  XXIII, 
1918.  pp.  169-174. 

20.  MacDonell,  John.     Law   and  Eugenics.     Eugenics   Rev.  VII,   1915-16. 
pp.  229-246. 

21.  Missouri.     Report    of    Children's    Code    Commission.     Jefferson,    Mo., 
1918.  pp.  157-165. 

22.  Mjoen,  A.      (Trans,  by  Bergen).     Legal  Certificates  of  Health  Before 
Marriage.     Eugenics  Rev.  IV,  1912-13,  pp.  356-362. 

23.  Nelles,  Fred  C.      (Chairman).     Report  of  1915  Legislature  Committee 
on  Mental  Deficiency  and  the  Proposed  Institution  for  the  Care  of  Feeble- 
minded and  Epileptic  Persons.     Whittier  State  School,  Whittier,  California, 
Jan.  1917.  pp.  92. 

24.  New   Jersey.     Laws   Relating    to   Mental   Deficiency.     Tr.    Sch.    Bull. 
XIII-8,  Dec.  1916.  pp.  190-192. 

25.  Oregon.     House  Bill  No.  162,  to  Prevent  Procreation  of  Certain  Class- 
es in  Oregon.     Jour.  Grim.  Law  and  Criminol.,  VII,  Mar.  1917.  pp.  910-912. 

26.  Oshner,   E.   H.     Difficulties  Encountered  in  Securing   a   Commitment 
Law  for   the   Feeble-minded.     Jour.    Psych.    Asth.    XXI-1,2,    Sept.-Dec.    1916. 
pp.  46-50. 

27.  Smith,   Spaulding  J.     Marriage,  Sterilization  and  Commitment  Laws 
Aimed   at   Decreasing   Mental   Deficiency.     Jour.    Grim.    Law   and    Criminol. 
V-3.  pp.  364. 

28.  Smith,   Stevenson.     A   Summary   of  the  Laws   of  the  Several  States 
Governing  I,  Marriage  and  Divorce  of  the  Feeble-minded,  Epileptic  and  In- 
sane; II,  Asexualization;  III,  Institutional  Commitment  and  Discharge  of  the 
Feeble-minded  and  Epileptic.     Seattle:   Bailey  and  Babette  Gatzert  Founda- 
tion, May  1914.  pp.  87.  Univ.  Washington  "Bulletin,  No.  82. 

29.  Terman,   L.    M.     Expert    Testimony   in   the    Case    of   Alberto   Flores. 
Jour.  Delinq.  III-4,  July  1918.  pp.  145-164. 

30.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.     Ch.  XX.    (The  Law  of  England 
concerning  Amentia). 

31.  Wallin,  J.  E.  W.     Measures  Enacted  by  the  Missouri  Legislature  for 
the  Care  of  Defective  Children,  Recommended  by  the-  Children's  Code  Com- 
mission.    Tr.   Sch.  Bull.  XVI-5,  Sept.  1919.  pp.  73-75. 

32.  White,  William  A.     Expert  Testimony  in  Criminal  Procedure  Involv- 
ing  the  Question  of  the  Mental  State  of  the  Defendant.     Jour.   Grim.  Law 
and  Criminol.  XI-4,  Feb.  1921.  pp.  499-511. 

33.  Williams,   J.   Harold.     The   Scientific  Basis   of  Pacific   Colony     Calif- 
ornia.    Tr.  Sch.  Bull.,  XVI-1,  2.  Mar.-Apr.  1919.  pp.  26-28. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  33 

XV.     BORDERLINE    MENTAL    DEFICIENCY 

1.  The  distribution  of  human  intelligence  with  reference  to  the  zone 

between   normality  and   feeble-mindedness,    as    heretofore  de- 
fined. 

2.  The  diagnosis  of  borderline  deficiency. 

3.  The  problem  of  special  abilities  of  the  feeble-minded   and  special 

deficiencies  of  normal  persons. 

4.  Practical  consequences  of  borderline  deficiency. 

In  social  problems;  industrial  problems;  education, 

5.  Causes  of  bordering  deficiency. 

6.  Eugenic  aspects  of  borderline  deficiency. 

Are  borderline  cases  simplex? 

SELECTED  REFERENCES 

1.  Beckley,  Chester  C.     Borderline  Cases  of  Mental  Defect  with  Special 
Reference  to  Hysterical  Symptoms.     Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.  Apr.  8,  1915. 

2.  Bronner,  Augusta  F.     The  Apperceptive  Abilities  of  Delinquents.  Jour. 
Delinq.  VIM,  Jan.  1922.  pp.  43-54. 

3.  Clark,  L.  Pierce.     A  Study  of  Some  Mental  Defects  in  the  Dull-Normal 
Adolescent.     Ungraded,  VI-5,  Feb.  1921.  pp.  97-102;  Mar.  1921,  pp.  124-133. 

4.  Fernald,  W.  E.     Standardized  Fields  of  Inquiry  for  Clinical  Studies  of 
Borderline  Defectives.     Ment.  Hyg.  1-2,  Apr.  1917.  pp.  211-234. 

5.  Hall  and  Collins.     Report  on  Fifty-two  Borderline  Cases  in  the  Rome 
State  Custodial  Asylum.     N.  Y.  State  Bd.  Charities,  Eugenics  and  Soc.  Wel- 
fare Bull.  No.  IV.  Albany,  1914.  pp.  99.     Also  Bull.  No.  VI,  1915,  pp.  32. 

6.  Kohs,  S.    C.     The  Borderlines  of  Mental  Deficiency.     Jour.  Psych.  Asthv 
XX-3-4,  Mar.-June,  1916.  pp.  88-103. 

7.  Kohs,    S.    C.     The  Practicability  of  the  Binet  Scale  and  the  Question  of 
the  Borderline  Case.     Psychopathic  Bull.  No.  2,  Chicago  House  of  Correction. 
Nov.  1915.    pp.  23.  Also  Tr.  Sch.  Bull.  1916,  XII,  pp.  211-224. 

8.  Kohs,  S.  C.     The  Intelligence  Quotient  and  Border  Unity.     Jour.  Delin- 
quency.    II-l,  Jan.  1917.  pp.  14-23. 

9.  Terman,  L.     M.     The  Measurement  of  Intelligence,     pp.  87-92. 

10.  Terman  and   Knollin.     Some  Problems  Relating   to   the  Detection  of 
Borderline  Cases  of  Mental  Deficiency.     Jour.   Psych.   Asth.   XX-1,2,   Sept.- 
Dec.  1915.  pp.  3-15. 

11.  Williams,  J.  Harold.     The  Borderline  Group.     In  the  Intelligence  of 
the  Delinquent  Boy.     Ch.  Ill,  pp.  70-87. 


GENERAL  REFERENCES 

1.  Barr,  M.  W.     Mental  Defectives;  their  History,  Treatment,  and  Train- 
ing.    Philadelphia,  1904. 

A  general  discussion,  dealing  largely  with  the  physiological  and  medical 
aspects  of  the  subject.  Many  case  studies  from  the  institution  of  Elwyn, 
Pennsylvania,  of  which  Dr.  Barr  is  superintendent.  Illustrated. 

2.  Barr,  M.  W.,  and  Maloney,  E.  F.     Types  of  Mental  Defectives.     Phila- 
delphia: P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.,  1920.  pp.  179. 

A  briefer  work,  designed  to  aid  workers  with  the  feeble-minded  in  recog- 
nizing the  various  forms  of  mental  defect.  Contains  some  excellent  case 
studies  and  illustrations  of  physical  types. 

3.  Binet,  A.,  and  Simon,  Th.     Mentally  Defective  Children.      (Tr.  by  W. 
B.  Drummond).     New  York:  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  1914.  pp.  180. 

Includes  a  brief  discussion  of  the  psychology  of  mental  deficiency  as  devel- 
oped by  Binet,  and  describes  the  early  experiments  with  school  children  in 
France.  Especially  concerned  with  the  educational  significance  of  feeble-mind- 
edness. 

4.  Central  Association  for  the   Care  of  the  Mentally  Defective  and  the 
National  Special  School  Union.     Conference  on  Mental  Deficiency.     London, 
Nov.  1920.  pp.  135. 

A  series  of  papers  delivered  at  a  recent  conference  of  English  workers  in 
mental  deficiency. 

5.  Cotton,    H.    A.     The    Defective    Delinquent    and    Insane.     Princeton : 
University  Press,  1921.  pp.  201. 

Deals  largely  with  the  investigation  of  focal  infections,  which  are  shown 
to  be  closely  related  to  mental  abriormalty.  Special  emphasis  placed  on  the 
problem  of  the  defective  delinquent.  Illustrated.  Numerous  case  studies. 

6.  Doll,    E.    A.     Clinical   Studies   in   Feeble- mindedness.     Boston:    R.    G. 
Badger,  1917.  pp.  224. 

A  series  of  individual  psychological  studies  of  cases  from  the  Training 
School  at  Vineland,  New  Jersey.  Special  emphasis  given  to  the  criteria  of 
diagnosis.  Contains  a  good  working  bibliography  and  glossary  of  technical 
terms. 

7.  Goddard,    H.    H.     Feeble-mindedness;    its    Causes    and    Consequences. 
New  York:   Macmillan  Co.,  1914.  pp.  599. 

The  most  comprehensive  American  work  on  the  subject  dealing  with  psy- 
chological and  biological  aspects.  Contains  classification  of  causes  of  327 
cases  at  the  Training.  School  at  Vineland,  New  Jersey,  based  on  psychological 
examinations  and  family  histories.  Many  case  studies,  illustrations,  and 
charts.  By  one  of  America's  foremost  authorities. 

8.  Hollingworth,  Leta   S.     The  Psychology  of  Subnormal  Children.     New 
York:     Macmillin  Co.,  1920.  pp.  285.      . 

One  of  the  best  text-books  on  the  subject  for  class  use.     Special  emphasis 

(35) 


36  Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency 

given   to   psychological    aspects    of   the   problem,    but    other    related   factors 
brought  out.     Contains  illustrative  charts. 

9.  Huey,     E.     B.     Backward    and    Feeble-minded     Children.     Baltimore: 
Warwick  &  York,  1912.  pp.  221. 

A  series  of  clinical  studies  of  high-grade  feeble-minded  and  borderline 
cases.  Illustrated. 

10.  Ireland,    W.     W.     The    Mental    Affections    of    Children.      (2nd.     ed.) 
London:  J.  &  A.  Churchill,  1900. 

An   English  text,  chiefly  medical. 

11.  Kelynack,    T.    N.         (Editor).     Defective    Children.        London:    1915. 
pp.  462. 

A  series  of  papers  by  several  English  authorities  on  mental  and  physical 
defects.  Chapters  on  defective  children  in  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  Can- 
ada, France,  Germany,  Hungary,  and  the  United  States. 

12.  La    Page,    C.    P.        Feeble-mindedness    in    Children    of   School    Age. 
(2nd  ed.)   Manchester:  University  Press,  1920.  pp.  309. 

A  general  treatment  of  the  subject,  emphasizing  the  physiological  and  bio- 
logical aspects.  Contains  an  appendix  on  Training  and  Treatment,  by 
Mary  Dendy.  Illustrations,  sample  forms,  bibliography,  glossary. 

13.  MacMurchy,    Helen.     The   Almosts.     A    Study    of    the   Feeble-minded. 
Boston:     Houghton  Mifflin  Co.,  1920.  pp.  178. 

An  interesting  book  of  a  popular  character,  citing  notable  cases  of  mental 
deficiency  in  fiction.  Characters  from  Shakespeare,  Bunyan,  Scott,  Dickens, 
Lytton,  Hugo,  Stevenson,  Hawthorne,  Wiggin,  etc.,  classified  in  the  light  of 
present-day  knowledge  of  intellectual  development. 

14.  Sherlock,  E.  B.     The  Feeble-minded.     London:   Macmillan  Co.,  1911. 

15.  Shuttle-worth,   G.   E.   and   Potts,  W.   A.     Mentally  Deficient  Children. 
(5th  ed.)  London:  H.  K.  Lewis  &  Co.,  1916.  pp.  320. 

One  of  the  leading  English  works  on  the  subject.  Deals  largely  with  med- 
ical and  institution  aspects.  Contains  lists  of  institutions,  tables,  biblio- 
graphy, and  official  reports.  Illustrated. 

16.  Tredgold,  A.  F.     Mental  Deficiency.      (Amentia)      (2nd  ed.)    London: 
Balliere,  Tyndall  &  Cox,  1915.  pp.  491. 

The  best  medical  treatment  of  the  subject.  Tredgold  ha's  long  been  the 
foremost  English  authority.  Deals  largely  with  physical  classifications  and 
types.  Good  treatment  of  Moral  Deficiency  and  "Idiot-savants."  Good  out- 
line of  English  law.  Tables,  charts,  case  studies,  illustrations,  and  forms. 

17.  Wallin,    J.    E.    W.     Problems    of   Subnormality .     New    York:     World 
Book  Co.,  1917.  pp.  485. 

A  comprehensive  survey  of  problems  related  to  feeble-minded,  backward, 
and  epileptic  children,  with  special  reference  to  educational,  vocational,  and 
social  aspects.  Contains  summaries  of  many  other  investigations,  and  ex- 
tensive data  accumulated  by  the  author  in  connection  with  the  work  of  the 
psycho-educational  clinic  of  the  St.  Louis  Public  Schools.  Bibliography. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  37 

PERIODICALS    DEVOTED  TO  FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS 

1.  Journal    of    Psycho- A  sthenics.     Annually.     American     Association    for 
the  Study  of  the  Feeble-minded.     B.  W.  Baker,  Secretary,  Laconia,  N.  H. 

Contains  papers  and  discussions  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Association, 
in  which  many  leading  workers  participate.  Obtainable  through  member- 
ship in  the  Association.  Formerly  a  quarterly  magazine,  published  at  Fair- 
bault,  Minnesota. 

2.  Studies  in  Mental  Inefficiency.     Quarterly.     3s.  6d.  per  year.     Central 
Association   for   Mental    Welfare,   24,    Buckingham    Palace    Road,    S.    W.    1, 
London. 

The  leading  English  journal  on  mental  deficiency.  Contributions  by  Tred- 
gold,  Shuttleworth  and  other  English  authorities. 

3.  Training  School  Bulletin.     Monthly,  excepting  July  and  August.     $1.00 
per  year.     Training  School,  Vineland,  New  Jersey. 

Devoted  in  part  to  the  interests  of  the  Training  School,  which  is  probably 
the  best  privately  endowed  institution  for  the  feeble-minded  in  the  United 
States.  Contains^  reports  from  the  research  and  educational  departments  of 
the  Training  School,  as  well  as  articles  originating  elsewhere. 

4.  Ungraded.     Monthly    excepting    July,    August    and    September.     $1.50 
per  year.  17  Lexington  Ave.,  New  York  City. 

The  official  organ  of  the  Ungraded  Teachers  Association  of  New  York  City. 
Devoted  to  the  study  of  the  problems  of  the  mentally  defective,  with  special 
reference  to  the  work  of  the  ungraded  classes  in  the  schools. 

PERIODICALS  IN  CLOSELY  RELATED  FIELDS,  OFTEN  CONTAINING 
ARTICLES   ON   MENTAL   DEFICIENCY. 

1.  Eugenics   Review.     Quarterly.     Eugenics    Education    Society,    11,    Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields,  W.  C.  2,  London. 

The  leading  journal  on  eugenics.  Often  contains  articles  and  discussions 
on  mental  deficiency  as  a  phase  of  racial  deterioration.  Good  reviews  and 
abstracts  from  the  eugenical  field. 

2.  Journal  of  Abnormal  Psychology  and  Social  Psychology.     Bi-monthly 
$5.00  per  year.     Richard  G.  Badger,  Boston. 

Deals  with  the  study  of  human  traits  and  the  interaction  between  the  in- 
dividual and  the  group,  with  special  reference  to  social  maladjustments,  in- 
cluding mental  and  character  defect,  delinquency,  etc. 

3.  Journal    of    Criminal    Law    and    Criminology.     Bi-monthly.     $3.00    per 
year.     31  West  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

The  official  organ  of  the  American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminol- 
ogy, which  has  taken  especial  interest  in  the  psychological  aspects  of  crime 
and  delinquency.  Regularly  contains  articles  relating  to  mental  deficiency, 
usually  written  from  the  legal  standpoint. 

4.  Journal     of     Delinquency.     Bi-monthly.     $1.25     per     year.     California 
Bureau  of  Juvenile  Research,  Whittier  State  School,  Whittier,  California. 

Devoted  to  the  scientific  study  of  problems  related  to  social  conduct.  Con- 
tains articles  on  juvenile  delinquency  and  mental  deficiency,  many  of  which 
deal  with  the  the  results  of  psychological  tests.  Many  reviews  of  new  books 
and  abstracts  of  current  literature. 


Outline  of  Mental  Deficiency  38 

5.  Journal    of   Heredity.     Monthly.     $3.00    per    year.     American    Genetic 
Association,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Devoted  to  plant  breeding,  animal  breeding,  and  eugenics.  Often  contains 
articles  and  discussions  relating  to  human  intelligence  and  its  inheritence. 
Illustrated. 

6.  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease.     Monthly.     $10.00  per  year. 
Smith  Ely  Jelliffe,  Publisher,  64  West  56th  St.,  New  York  City. 

The  leading  journal  in  the  field  of  nervous  and  mental  disease,  edited  and 
written  by  some  of  the  best  authorities.  Frequent  articles  on  mental  defi- 
ciency. .  Good  reviews  and  abstracts  of  current  literature. 

7.  Mental    Hygiene.     Quarterly.     $2.00    per    year.     National    Committee 
for  Mental  Hygiene,  370  Seventh  Ave.,  New  York  City. 

The  official  organ  of  the  National  Committee  for  Mental  Hygiene,  and  the 
standard  periodical  in  that  field.  Contains  articles  on  mental  deficiency  and 
mental  disease  with  special  reference  to  treatment  and  prevention.  Cur- 
rent bibliographies  and  reports  on  progress  in  the  several  states. 

8.  Psychological    Clinic.     Monthly    (9    numbers).     $2.50    per    year.     Psy- 
chological Clinic  Press,  Woodland  Ave.  and  36th   St.,  Philadelphia. 

Founded  by  Dr.  Lightner  Witmer  in  connection  with  his  pioneer  psycho- 
logical clinic  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Contains  articles  and  clini- 
cal studies  dealing  with  children  who  present  special  problems  of  instruction 
or  adjustment. 


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